Download Foreign Policy 1945-1990

Foreign Policy: 1763-1820
Foreign Policy
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
Jay Treaty
Pinckney
Treaty
Washington's
Farewell Address
Convention of 1800
Louisiana Purchase
Embargo Act
Non-Intercourse Act
Macon's Bill No.2
Treaty of Ghent
Rush-Bagot
Agreement
Treaty of 1818
Adams-Onis Treaty
(Transcontinental)
(Florida Purchase)
Date Identification
Ended the Seven Years War or French and Indian War.
1763 Ceded all French lands in America to Britain.
Britain now in control of everything east of the Mississippi
Ended the Revolutionary War in America.
1783 The United States was recognized as an independent nation.
Territorial boundaries set at the Great Lakes, Miss.River, Spanish Fla.
Florida was given back to Spain.
A negotiated treaty with the British which attempted to settle the
1794 conflict at sea and curtail English involvement in Indian attacks.
Brit. agreed to evacuate posts in US western frontier, nothing firm on
Brit. seizures of US merchant ships. Unpopular treaty.
Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic including
1795 right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans.
The 31 was recognized as Florida's northern boundary.
Washington warned the new nation to avoid "inveterate antipathies" and
1796 "passionate attachments" to any foreign nation. Permanent alliances
should be avoided although temporary alliances may be useful.
1800 Adams avoided war with France. Unpopular decision. Ended FrancoAmerican Alliance of 1778. Maybe Adam’s biggest achievement, but
may have lost him a 2nd term.
Entire Louisiana Territory purchased from France for $15 million.
1803 Doubled size of US. Original goal to secure port of New Orleans.
Jefferson viewed purchase as unconstitutional…did it anyway.
Jefferson forbade any America ship to leave port for any foreign nation.
1807 Hoped that Brit trade would be hurt so bad, they would stop violating
neutral rights. Backfired… resulted in a brief economic depression.
Modified the 1907 Embargo Act by forbidding trade solely to Britain and
1809 France.
Opened trade with all nations. Provision that if either Brit. or France
1810 would formally agree to respect US neutral rights, US would embargo
trade with that nations’ foe. (Napoleon accepted, but never intended to
uphold agreement.)
Ended the War of 1812. Signed BEFORE Battle of New Orleans
1814 Territories restored to positions before the war.
First "disarmament" agreement. The United States and Britain agreed not
1817 to maintain an armed fleet in the Great Lakes.
British-US border fixed along 49 from Lake of the Woods to Rocky
1818 Mts. Joint occupancy of Oregon for 10 years
Spain ceded Florida and gave up claims to Oregon. In return US gave up
1819 claims to Texas, assumed $5 million claims against Spain.
Western boundary of Louisiana Purchase set north to 42
Foreign Policy 1820-1867
Foreign
Policy
Date Identification
WebsterAshburton
Treaty
1842
Oregon Treaty
1846
Conflicting claims over the Canada-Maine boundary were compromised.
Bonus later revealed to contain Mesabi iron ore in Minnesota.
US-Canada boundary extended from Rockies to the Pacific along 49.
Back down from “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.”
Ended Mexican War.
Mexican Cession included California, New Mexico, Utah Territories. US to
pay $15 million + assume debts of $3.25 million.
Rio Grande recognized as southern border of Texas.
Treaty of
GuadalupeHidalgo
1848
Clayotn-Bulwer
Treaty
1850
US and Britain that neither would attempt to take exclusive control of any
future canal route in Central America. Continued in force until 1901.
Gadsden
Purchase
1853
Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. Southern sections of present day
new Mexico and Arizona. Goal was cheaper route for southern
transcontinental railroad. Completed US mainland acquisitions.
Ostend
Manifesto
1854
Pierce sought to buy Cuba form Spain.
Secret document between US diplomats that revealed plans to take Cuba
from Spain if they refused to sell. Big embarrassment and issue dropped.
Emperor
Maximilian
1867
French troops placed puppet as Mexican Emperor. Violations of Monroe
Doc. French withdrew support and Max executed.
Alaskan
Purchase
1867
Russian paid $7.2 million for “Seward’s Folly.”
Foreign Policy 1928-1945
Foreign Policy
Date
Clark Memorandum
1928
America would not intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin
American Country through international police power.
1928
First proposed as treaty between France and United States
outlawing any war between them. It extended to all nation which
renounced war as an instrument of national policy. Outlawed
Kellog-Briand Pact
Identification
aggression not self-defense.
Young Plan
1929
further scaled down the German reparations bill from $250
million per year after Dawes Plan Loan.
London Naval
Conference
1930
United States, Great Britain, and Japan agreed on a fixed ration
for cruisers, destroyers, and submarines.
Stimson Donctrine
1931
America would not recognize any agreement that impaired the
integrity of China and The Open Door Policy
1930's
Policy to avoid foreign entanglements and the desire to advance
American economic interests. Essentially, American would play
the good neighbor by heeding to the complaints of surrounding
nations (i.e. Latin America)
1933
Formal recognition finally given to the Soviet Union.
Good Neighbor Policy
Recognition of the
USSR
1935
Neutrality Acts
1936
1937
1935: in the outbreak of war, all exports of American arms and
munitions would be embargoed for 6-months.
1936: gave president authority to determine when a state of war
existed and prohibited any loans or credits to belligerents
1937: prohibited all arms sales to belligerents & cash and carry
sale of non-military goods to belligerents.
1937
Japanese planes bombed American gunboat Panay. The matter
was resolved after a formal apology was issued by the Japanese.
Cash and Carry
1939
Revised the Neutrality Act so that a belligerent could buy US
arms if they paid cash and took them away in their own ships.
Technically neutral, but favored Britain.
Destroyers for Bases
1940
An agreement to give Britain 50 destroyers in return for a 99year lease on air and naval bases in British Territories
Lend-Lease Act
1941
Authorized the President to sell, lend, lease, transfer, or
exchange arms and other supplies to any nation who needed
American help in defense.
Atlantic Charter
1941
It described a postwar world based on self-determination for all
nations
Casablanca
Conference
1943
Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed that the WWII
will continue until the "unconditional" surrender of the Axis
nations.
Dunbarton Oaks
Conference
1944
Unites States, GB, Soviet Union, and China met to discuss an
international association after World War II.
Yalta Conference
1945
United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, France, and China
became permanent members of the Security Council. Germany
was divided into occupational zones and a coalition government
of communists and non-communists was agreed for Poland.
Potsdam Conference
1945
Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan.
Established a council of Foreign Ministers to draft peace treaties
for the Balkans
Panay Affair
Foreign Policy 1945-1990
Foreign
Policy
Date
Identification
United
Nations
1945
Created a General Assembly composed of all member nations which would
act as the ultimate policy-making body. A Security Council of 11 members
was created with 6 permanent members with veto powers. (see Yalta
Conference).
Cold War
19501990
The name given to heated relations between the United States and Russia soon
after the World War II. Several confrontation occurred due to the rapid spread
of communism and other U.S.-Soviet related conflicts.
Containment
19461947
Truman
Doctrine
1947
Soviet's wanted to spread communism all over the world. Soviet expert
George F. Kennan wrote an article for which he called for counter-measures
to "contain" the spread of Communism. Essentially, this policy hoped to
prevent the absorption of countries to the evil ties of Communism
It is the responsibility of the United States to support free peoples who
were resisting communist domination.
Marshall Plan
1947
An economic recovery program to help rebuild Europe's economy after World
War II. It was also called the European Recovery Program.
NATO
1949
Short for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. All signatories pledged that an
attack against one would be against all of them. Warsaw pact was formed by
the Soviets to oppose NATO.
OAS
1948
Short for Organization of American States. Created following a mutual
defense pact with Latin America. Decisions were reached by a 2/3 vote with
no special weight given to the United States.
SEATO
1954
Geneva
Accords
1955
An attempt by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles at organizing a group of
Southeastern countries to parallel NATO. It failed due to lack of participants
France, GB, Soviet Union, China signers of the agreement dividing Vietnam
along the 17th parallel. North was run under communist Ho Chi Minh, the
South was under capitalist Bao Dai.
Peaceful
Coexistence
1955
Khruschev's response to the policy of massive retaliation which was
proposed by Eisenhower and Dulles.
Eisenhower
Doctrine
1957
Announced that the United States was prepared to use armed force in the
Middle East against communism. Under this doctrine US Marines entered
Beirut, Lebanon to ease the change in governments.
Alliance for
Progress
1961 Kennedy's announcement which would provide $20 million of aid to Latin
America.
Domino Theory 1964 If one country falls to Communism then subsequent countries will eventually
fall and communism will rule the world. Vietnam was the first Domino.
Gulf Of Tonkin
Resolution
1964 An alleged attack on an American boat in the Gulf of Tonkin caused President
Johnson to ask for authorization to "repel any armed attack against the forces
of the United States and to prevent further aggression"
Detente
1972 Defined as the relaxation in the tensions between two governments. This
policy sought to establish rules to govern rivalry between the United States,
China, and the Soviet Union.
SALT Talks
1972 SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty signatories agreed to stop
making nuclear ballistic missiles.
1979 SALT II: Set a ceiling of 2,250 bombers and missiles for the United States
and Soviets, limits on warheads, and new weapons systems were
established.
Desert Storm
1990
In the Persian Gulf War this was the American launched Operation to put
down Saddam Hussein and Iraq from monopolizing the world's oil industry
by annexing Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.