Download AVSC 1010 - optical cloud studies

AVSC 1010
EXAM #3
11/20/2016
AVIATION
Part IV, Air Environment: Chapter 18 Q the Atmosphere
ATMOSPHERE PG. 380: sometimes called “an ocean
of air surrounding the earth” or “a gaseous covering”;
A gaseous fluid that reacts to any force.
TROPOSPHERE & TROPOPAUSE PG. 382:
TROPOPAUSE- the interface between the troposphere
and the stratosphere.
TROPOSPHERE- that region in which people live, work,
play, and fly, extending from the Earth’s surface to
about 10 miles above the Earth at the equator.
STRATOSPHERE & STRATOPAUSE PG. 382:
STRATOSPHERE- a region where temperature goes up
with increase in altitude, beginning at 10 miles above
the Earth and going to about 30 miles up.
STRATOPAUSE: the interface between the
stratosphere and the ionosphere.
MESOSPHERE & MESOPAUSE PG. 382 :
MESOSPHERE- a region of the atmosphere starting at
30 miles up to about 50 miles altitude.
MESOPAUSE: the boundary in the earth's atmosphere
between the mesosphere and the thermosphere, at
which the temperature stops decreasing with
increasing height and begins to increase.
THERMOSPHERE PG.382: a region of the atmosphere
that begins at 50 miles up and extends outward to
about 300 miles.
OZONOSPHERE PG.384: a special region of the
atmosphere that performs the very important function
of shielding us from ultraviolet and infrared radiation
that could be fatal.
IONOSPHERE PG.384: reflects certain radio waves,
which allows them to be received at stations far away
from the broadcasting station; an outer region of the
atmosphere that consists of layers of ionized air
particles.
PRESSURE PG.386: air at higher altitudes is under
less pressure than air at lower altitudes. Standard day
pressure is 14.7 psi, or 29.92 on a mercury
barometer. All air molecules pressing down upon all
the molecules below them. Pressure is exerted in all
directions with a given volume of air.
DENSITY PG. 174: how many molecules of air are
squeezed into a given volume
THE WATER CYCLE PG. 389: The Water Cycle (also
known as the hydrologic cycle) is the
journey water takes as it circulates from the land to
the sky and back again. The Sun's heat provides
energy to evaporate water from the Earth's surface
(oceans, lakes, etc.). Plants also lose water to the air
(this is called transpiration).
DEW-POINT PG. 390: the temperature at or below
which water vapor will condense
HUMIDITY & RELATIVE HUMIDITY PG.389:
H- the amount of water vapor in the air.
RH-the method used to tell you the amount of water
vapor that can still enter an air mass before it
becomes saturated
PARTICULATE MATTER PG. 391: dust and very small
particles of matter.
HEAT & HEAT TRANSFER PG. 392:
H- the sum total energy of all moving molecules within
a substance
HT- HEAT TRANSFER is the exchange of thermal
energy between physical systems. The rate of heat
transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the
systems and the properties of the intervening medium
through which the heat is transferred. The three
fundamental modes of heat transfer are conduction,
convection and radiation.
1. CONDUCTION: heating by direct contact
2. CONVECTION: heat transfer by vertical
motion.
3. ADVECTION: lateral heat transfer that is
important in the global circulation of air.
4. RADIATION: energy radiated in the form of
waves or particles such as the heat energy
of the sun that reaches Earth.
WIND PG. 394: ***#1
CORIOLIS EFFECT PG. 395: ***#2
PRESSURE GRADIENTS PG. 396: the rate of pressure
increase or decrease on any atmospheric plane,
usually a horizontal plane, for any given distance.
JET STREAM PG. 399: a comparatively narrow current
of air which moves around the Northern (and
Southern) Hemisphere of the earth in wavelike
patterns; compared to a “river” of wind moving at high
speed.
Part IV, Chapter 19 Q Weather Elements
WEATHER PG. 404: the day-to-day changes in
atmospheric conditions.
AIR MASS PG.405: ***#3
COLD FRONT PG. 405: when a cold air mass
replaces a warmer air mass, the boundary is
called a cold front.
WARM FRONT PG. 405: when a warm air mass
replaces a cold air mass, the boundary is called a
warm front.
STRATUS CLOUDS PG. 406: clouds that stretch
out/or cover as a layer.
CIRRUS CLOUDS PG. 410: clouds that are wispy, thin
and lacy. They are high altitude clouds
CUMULUS CLOUDS PG. 409:piled up lower altitude
clouds that look “bumpy.”
CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS PG. 409:
FOG PG. 415: a large mass of water vapor
condensed to fine particles, at or just above the
earth’s surface.
TERRAIN FACTORS PG. 415: ***#4
WIND SHEAR PG. 417: an atmospheric condition in
which changes in speed and direction of the wind
occur
DOWNBURSTS & MICROBURSTS PG. 417-18 :
D- a strong downward current of air from a
cumulonimbus cloud, usually associated with
intense rain or a thunderstorm.
M- caused when a column of air is quickly cooled
(usually by rain) and rapidly falls toward the
Earth.
CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE PG. 419: (CAT) – may exist
at different places and altitudes but be
completely invisible. The causes may be one or a
combination of: convective currents, windshear,
and obstructions (such as mountains) to wind
flow
Part IV, the Air Environment

o
Describe the water cycle, including the role of relative humidity.
o
Explain why heat is responsible for all weather.
o
Describe the characteristics of the three cloud types, giving examples of each.
o
Explain the significance of satellites to weather forecasting.
o
Describe the three major weather hazards to aviation.
o
Explain the composition of the solar system, beginning with the Sun and describe the specific
characteristics of a planet other than Earth.





Part IV, Chapter 20 Q Aviation Weather
IN-FLIGHT AVIATION WEATHER HAZARDS PG. 423:
SURFACE AVIATION WEATHER HAZARDS PG. 423:
TEMPERATURE INVERSION PG. 425: a reversal of the
normal decrease of air temperature with altitude,
or of water temperature with depth.
INDUCTION ICING PG.428:
STRUCTURAL ICING PG.428:
LIGHTENING PG. 430: is the flash of light produced
by electrical discharges in a thunderstorm area.
THUNDERSTORMS & THUNDERSTORM STAGES PG.
430:
T-any storm accompanied by thunder and
lightning.
S- building, mature, dissipating
TORNADO 431: is a local storm that focuses
nature’s most destructive force on a small area. It
consists of violently swirling winds with rapidly
rising air at its center. The tornado is small and
usually short of life, but because of its violence, it
is probably the most feared storm of all.
HURRICANE PG. 433: a strong tropical cyclone
(usually in the West Indies) with winds that often
surpass 100 mph and have been clocked at more
than 200 mph.
HAIL PG. 435:pellets or lumps of frozen rain or
snow sometimes precipitated during a
thunderstorm
TROPICAL WEATHER PG. 437:weather conditions in
the tropics which can be continental (extremely
varied) or oceanic (low pressure and light winds.)
ARCTIC WEATHER PG.437: is characterized by
long, cold winters and short, cool summers.
There is a large amount of variability in climate
across the Arctic, but all regions experience
extremes of solar radiation in both summer and
winter.

it causes the coldest air masses. While
these air masses affect weather at lower
latitudes, weather in the Arctic,
unpleasant as it may seem, is not a
major factor in most of our lives. It is
included here because it may be a point
of curiosity and because aviators fly
there.
Chapter 21 Q Rocket Fundamentals
ROCKET PG. 445:operates on the same principle as
the firework rocket, consisting of a combustion
chamber and an exhaust nozzle, that carries
either liquid or solid propellants which provide the
fuel and oxygen needed for combustion. A type
of power plant that is used to propel something
(payload).
REACTION ENGINE PG. 445: a rocket engine where
the action of the rocket’s exhaust gases
produces a reaction, forcing the rocket in the
opposite direction.
COLONEL WILLIAM CONGREVE PG. 445:The news of
India’s success with rockets caused Colonel
William Congreve, a British artillery expert, to
experiment with rockets. He standardized the
composition of gunpowder explosives, added
flight-stabilizing guide sticks and built the first
viable launching pad. He was able to increase
the rocket range from approximately 300 yards to
several thousand yards. Approximately 25,000
Congreve rockets were used in 1807 at the battle
of Copenhagen
WILLIAM HALE PG. 445:William Hale, an English
engineer, solved the problem of stabilizing
rockets in flight without a guiding stick. He used
spin stabilization for his rockets, which were fitted
with angled exhaust tubes that spun the projectile
during flight.
ROBERT H. GODDARD & DR. HEMMANN OBERTH PG.
446: The regeneration of interest in rocketry was
brought about by the work of Dr. Robert H.
Goddard in the United States and Dr. Hemmann
Oberth in Germany. Dr. Goddard, recognized as
the “Father of Modern Rocketry,” was the first
scientist to use liquid propellants (liquid oxygen
and gasoline) in a rocket. He also developed
mechanisms for correcting deviations from
planned flight paths.
NEWTON’S LAWS PG. 447:

GRAVITATION: the term used to describe
the force of attraction that exists between
all matter within the universe.

MOTION:
1. Let’s review Sir Isaac Newton’s three
laws of motion. The first states: A body in
a state of rest
and a body in motion tend to remain at
rest or in uniform motion unless acted
upon by some
outside force. This really is an
explanation of inertia, or the tendency of
all things to remain in a fixed
condition.
2. The second law states: The rate of
change in the momentum of a body is
proportional to the force acting upon the
body and is in the direction of the force.
3. The third law states: To every action,
there is
an equal and opposite reaction.
ROCKET SYSTEMS PG. 451:
AIR-FRAME SYSTEM PG. 452:serves to contain the
other systems and to provide the streamlined
shape
PROPULSION SYSTEM PG. 453: includes the
propellant used, the containers for the propellant,
all plumbing that may be required to get the
propellant from the containers to the engine, and
the rocket engine itself.
GUIDANCE SYSTEM PG. 454: a self-contained
electronic unit that employs a computer and an
inertial platform and may also have a startracking unit for space navigation.
CONTROL SYSTEM PG. 455: the system that carries
out whatever the rocket’s guidance system
dictates should be done.
Part V, Chapter 22 Q Chemical Propulsion
COMBUSTION PG. 461: rapid oxidation
IGNITION PG. 464: the action of setting something
on fire or starting to burn.
CONTROL PG. 467:
OXIDATION PG. 461: the combination of oxygen with
another substance.
OXIDIZER PG. 461: either another chemical
compound or maybe oxygen in pure form – liquid
oxygen
REDUCER PG. 462:
CRYOGENICS: the branch of physics dealing with
the production and effects of very low
temperatures.
PROPELLANTS/BI-PROPELLANTS:
P-the oxidizer and reducer which propel the
rocket
BP- the oxidizer is stored in one container and
the fuel (reducer) in another.
GRAIN CONFIGURATIONS PG. 467: ***#5
PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY PG. 463-472:
X-43A SCRAMJET: ***#6
X-51 SCRAMJET: ***#7
HIGH ENERGY PROPULSION SYSTEMS PG. 463-472:
CECE ENGINE -NOT IN BOOK-: The Common
Extensible Cryogenic Engine (CECE) is a testbed
to develop RL10 engines that throttle well. NASA
has contracted with Pratt & Whitney
Rocketdyne to develop the CECE demonstrator
engine.[10] In 2007 its operability (with some
"chugging") was demonstrated at 11-to-1 throttle
ratios.[11] In 2009 NASA reported successfully
throttling from 104 percent thrust to eight percent
thrust, a record for an engine of this type.
Chugging was eliminated by injector and
propellant feed system modifications that control
the pressure, temperature and flow of
propellants.[12]
HYPERSONICS -NOT IN BOOK-: is the study of flight
at speeds where aerodynamic heating dominates
the physics of the problem. Typically this is Mach
5 and higher. Hypersonics is an engineering
science with close links to supersonics and
engine design.
Part V, Chapter 23 Q Orbits and Trajectories
ORBIT: paths described by one body in its
revolution about another body.
TRAJECTORY: the curved paths of objects hurtling
through space.
APOGEE & PERIGEE:
A-that point in the orbital trajectory or flight path
where the orbiting body is most distant from the
body being orbited.
P- the opposite of apogee – that point where the
orbiting body is closest to the body being orbited.
VELOCITY REQUIREMENTS PG. 480:
ORBITAL DECAY -NOT IN BOOK: In orbital mechanics,
decay is a process that leads to gradual
decrease of the distance between two orbiting
bodies at their closest approach (the periapsis)
over many orbital periods. These orbiting bodies
can be a planet and its satellite, a star and any
object orbiting it, or components of any binary
system.
BALLISTIC TRAJECTORIES PG. 483:
TRANSFER PG. 486:
GEOSTATIONARY ORBITS PG. 489:
POLAR ORBITS PG. 490:
SUNSYNCRONOUS ORBITS PG. 490:
LAUNCH VEHICLES PG. 491:
Part VI, Chapter 24 Q Space Environment:
CISLUNAR SPACE PG. 499:
INTERPLANETARY SPACE PG. 501:
INTERSTELLAR SPACE PG. 501:
SUNSPOTS PG. 502:
PHOTO SPHERE PG. 503:
IONOSPHERE PG. 505:
MAGNETOSPHERE PG. 507:
THE SOLAR WIND PG. 508:
VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELTS PG. 509:
AURORAS -NOT IN BOOK-: is an incredible light show
caused by collisions between electrically charged
particles released from the sun that enter the earth's
atmosphere and collide with gases such as oxygen and
nitrogen. The lights are seen around the magnetic poles
of the northern and southern
hemispheres.
SPACE OPERATIONS PG. 513
***#1
***#2
***#3
***#4
***#5
***#6
***#7