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The Enlightenment • Revolution in thought led to a revolution in politics, economics and society. • Application of human reason to improve society • Belief that humans were basically good and that education and reason could improve their condition • Childhood was recognized as a separate stage of growth and children’s toys and books appeared for the 1st time • Supported marriages based on love which raised the status of women in family life Beginning and Spread • Philosophes or French philosophers discussed heir ideas at Parisian meeting houses called salons • Denis Diderot (France) compiled the Encyclopedie, which included scientific and social scientific knowledge of the Enlightenment. • Movement spread throughout Europe, Russia, and Europe’s colonies in the Americas Religious Thought • Supported a scientific philosophy called Deism, which held that there was a god who created the earth, then left it to operate by natural law Political Thought • John Locke (English) and Jean Jacques Rousseau (French) wrote of the social contract in which governments ruled by the consent of the governed to ensure the preservation of the natural rights of humankind. Social Thought • Criminologist advocated rehabilitation for criminals • Mary Wollstonecraft (England) spoke out for political rights for women Economic Thought • Adam Smith (Scottish) wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776) in which he set forth a principle of laissez-faire economics. • Government regulation of the economy should be minimal in order to allow for free operation of the laws of supply and demand. Western Scientific Thought • Roots in Greek and Islamic philosophy • Principles that could be utilized for the improvement of humankind • Chinese thought specific facts that were general to nature Western Scientific Thought • Human Body – Vesalius of Belgium- human anatomy – John Harvey of England- circulatory system Geocentric Theory Ptolemy Earth is the center of the universe The Scientific Revolution • Heliocentric Theory: Sun is the center of the universe – Copernicus, Polish scientist • Galileo confirmed these findings with a telescope Galileo to Court • Galileo was taken to court by the Roman Catholic Church and requiered to recant his theories The Scientific Revolution • Johannes Kepler – Discovered the elliptical pattern of planetary motion • Isaac Newton – Established basic principles of motion and described the forces of gravity Western Scientific Thought • Rene Descartes encouraged the educated to develop a skeptical approach to learning • Francis Bacon advocated empirical research based on observations and data