Download Study Guide 15 Part I Emergence of Complex Societies in India and

Study Guide 15 Part I
Emergence of Complex Societies in India and Southeast Asia, Trade in Asia: Silk Road and
Indian Ocean Maritime System, Readings: Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Maurya and Gupta
Empires, The Origins of the Silk Road, The Seas of Sinbad, The Earth and Its Peoples (p. 160170, 174-182, 188-191)
AP World History
Highlighted terms are review—so you should know them-- from the last study guide and from
lecture, but also in the assigned readings for this time if needed
Key terms:
Chandragupta Maurya
Kautilya
Arthashastra
Ashoka
Stupa
Pillar (Buddhist)
Rock chamber
Theravada
Mahayana
Vajrayana
Chandra Gupta
Faxian
Kushan Kingdom
Samarkand
Bukhara
Parthians
Essential questions:
1. Why did Mauryan Empire decline?
2. Many Indians abandoned Buddhism for what reasons?
3. The Mauryan and Gupta Empires are famous for having what impact on Southeast Asia?
4. How did climate, location of route, typical trade goods, and ethnicity of people shape the Silk
Roads and the Indian Ocean sea lanes?
5. How did Ashoka promote the spread of Buddhism?
6. What role did missionaries and merchants play in the spread of Buddhism?
7. What are examples of Indian literature that influenced artistic developments in neighboring
regions and in later time periods?
8. What would be an example of India’s influence on architectural styles in surrounding
regions?
9. What new technologies permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods
across longer routes, such as the Silk Roads?
10. What innovations in maritime technologies and knowledge of weather patterns stimulated
exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia?
Key Concepts
Familiarize yourself with the following key concepts through class discussions or readings:
Key Concept 2.1. The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions
II. New belief systems and cultural traditions emerged and spread, often asserting
universal truths.
A. The core beliefs about desire, suffering, and the search for enlightenment preached by the
historic Buddha and recorded by his followers into sutras and other scriptures were, in part, a
reaction to the Vedic beliefs and rituals dominant in South Asia. Buddhism changed over time as
it spread throughout Asia — first through the support of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, and then
through the efforts of missionaries and merchants, and the establishment of educational
institutions to promote its core teachings.
Key Concept 2.2. The Development of States and Empires
I. The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political
unity on areas where previously there had been competing states.
Required examples of key states and empires (Student should know the location and names):
• Southwest Asia: Persian Empires (Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid)
• South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Empires
IV. The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural,
and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their
decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states.
A. Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments caused environmental
damage and generated social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much
wealth in the hands of elites.
B. External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers, including the threat of
invasions.
V. Artistic expressions, including literature and drama, architecture, and sculpture, show
distinctive cultural developments.
A. Literature and drama acquired distinctive forms that influenced
artistic developments in neighboring regions and in later time periods.
B. Distinctive architectural styles developed in many regions in this
period.
Key Concept 2.3. Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange
I. Land and water routes became the basis for transregional trade, communication, and
exchange networks in the Eastern Hemisphere.
A. Many factors, including the climate and location of the routes, the typical trade goods, and the
ethnicity of people involved, shaped the distinctive features of a variety of trade routes.
Required examples of trade routes:
• Eurasian Silk Roads
• Trans-Saharan caravan routes
• Indian Ocean sea lanes
• Mediterranean sea lanes
II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange.
A. New technologies (yokes, saddles, stirrups) permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to
transport goods across longer routes.
B. Innovations in maritime technologies (lateen sail, dhow), as well as advanced knowledge
of the monsoon winds, stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East
Asia.
III. Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural
beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed across far-flung
networks of communication and exchange.
A. The spread of crops, including rice and cotton from South Asia to the Middle East,
encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques.
B. The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline
of some empires.
C. Religious and cultural traditions were transformed as they spread.
Required examples of transformed religious and cultural traditions:
• Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism
Study Guide Part II
Early Africa, Readings: The Bantu Migrations, Trans-Saharan Trade, The Earth and Its Peoples
(p.182-188)
AP World History
Key terms:
post-Classical Africa
Sahel
differentiation
diffusion
Bantu Migrations
Essential questions:
1. Banana cultivation in central Africa demonstrates the impact of what trading system?
2. What was the impact of banana cultivation and iron metallurgy technology development upon
the Bantu peoples?
3. What were the key differences in role of women in Africa versus elsewhere?
4. What new technologies permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods
across longer routes, such as the Sahara?
5. New migrations and commercial contacts in Africa led to the diffusion of what languages?
Key Concepts
Familiarize yourself with the following key concepts through class discussions or readings:
Key Concept 2.3. Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange
I. Land and water routes became the basis for transregional trade, communication, and
exchange networks in the Eastern Hemisphere.
A. Many factors, including the climate and location of the routes, the typical trade goods, and the
ethnicity of people involved, shaped the distinctive features of a variety of trade routes.
Required examples of trade routes:
• Trans-Saharan caravan routes
II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and
exchange.
A. New technologies permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods across
longer routes.
B. Innovations in maritime technologies, as well as advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds,
stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia.
Key Concept 3.1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased
volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade
networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
Required examples of existing trade routes:
• The Trans-Saharan
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on
environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it.
(Illustrative example: Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara
B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact.
Required examples of migration and their environmental impact:
• The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and
agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa
C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new
region or the emergence of new languages.
Illustrative example: the diffusion of Bantu languages including Swahili
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern
Hemisphere along the trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted