Download Photosynthesis Notes - Jackson School District

• Turn in: Enzyme/Cell
Respiration Lab WriteUp Due
• Socrative Warm-Up:
What is mitochondrial
disease? What are the
symptoms?
Mitochondria are much
more than energy
factories. What other
importance do they
serve? (www.umdf.org)
Friday 16th
Agenda:
• Draw CR from Memory
• Begin Photosynthesis
Lecture
• Plants Video
Switch to NEARPOD
Taking the information that you have learned
about Mitochondrial Disease, explain the
impacts of this disease on…
1. Immediate Cellular Processes
2. The Individual
3. A population of people with the disease
4. A Community
Mitochondria
1. Immediate effects on cellular processes – No
ATP production
2. Effect on the Individual – Weak, Stunted
Growth – Problems with repair and
reproduction
3. Effect on population – Decrease over time
4. Effect on community – Decrease genetic
variability
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
WarmUp: Define and diagram the following terms:
– Chloroplast
– Chlorophyll
– Mesophyll
– Stomata
– Stroma
– Thylakoids
– Grana
Photosynthesis in Nature
Plants and other autotrophs are producers of
biosphere
• Autotrophs: use light E to make organic
molecules (Photoautotrophs)
• Heterotrophs: consume organic molecules
from other organisms for E and carbon
Photoautotrophs
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis: Converts light energy to
chemical energy of food
• Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis in plants
Thylakoid space
Leaf Parts
• mesophyll: chloroplasts
mainly found in these cells
of leaf (30-40/cell)
• stomata: pores in leaf (CO2
enter/O2 exits)
• chlorophyll: green pigment
in thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Redox Reaction:
Water is split  e- transferred with H+ to CO2  sugar
Water is oxidized, carbon dioxide is reduced
Remember: OILRIG
Oxidation: lose eReduction: gain e-
Activity
• Label the two phases, main reactants and
products of each.
Photosynthesis = Light Reactions + Calvin Cycle
“photo”
LDR
“synthesis”
LIR
“Dark
Reactions”
What Plants Talk About
Homework
• Bozeman Cellular Respiration / Photosynthesis
Video
• Photosynthesis Guided Notes – Day 1
SO COLD… LET’S WARM UP
• Go to www.socrative.com
• Join my class and take the quiz
– CODE: VVS3HCDDQ
Monday
October 19, 2015
• WarmUp: Enzymes and Cellular Respiration on
Socrative
• Photosynthesis Lecture: Light Reactions (Review of
Guided Notes Day 1) Nearpod
• What Plants Talk About – Video
HW: PreLab #5 Work
Study Guide Due on 27th
STEM MEETING AFTER SCHOOL RM 137 and
AP BIOLOGY REVIEW AFTER SCHOOL
Step 1: Light Reactions: Convert solar E to
chemical E of ATP and NADPH
Nature of sunlight
•
Light = Energy = Electromagnetic radiation
•
Shorter wavelength (λ): higher E
•
Visible light - detected by human eye
•
Light: reflected, transmitted or absorbed
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction of light with chloroplasts
Also called “photons”
Pigments absorb different λ of light
•
Chlorophyll – absorb violet-blue/red light, reflect green
 chlorophyll a (blue-green): light reaction, converts solar to
chemical E
 chlorophyll b (yellow-green): conveys E to chlorophyll a
 carotenoids (yellow, orange): photoprotection, broaden color
spectrum for photosynthesis
Action Spectrum:
effectiveness of different
wavelengths of radiation
in driving photosynthesis
(absorption of chlorophylls a, b,
& carotenoids combined)
Engelmann: used bacteria to
measure rate of
photosynthesis in algae;
established action spectrum
Which wavelengths of light
are most effective in
driving photosynthesis?
An overview of photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP 
ADP
+ P
LIGHT
REACTIONS
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
[CH2O
]
(sugar
)
The light reactions (Thylakoid Membrane – In the Grana)
– Split water, release oxygen, produce ATP, and form NADPH
The Calvin cycle (Stroma)
- Forms sugar from carbon dioxide, using ATP for energy and
NADPH for reducing power
Light makes ATP =
Photophosphorylation
LIGHT REACTIONS
Photons “excite” electrons in the chlorophyll
molecules, received by antenna pigments
Photosystem: A reaction center that absorbs different
wavelengths of light
P680 of Photosystem II: Can only
absorb wavelengths up to 680 nm
P700 of Photosystem I: Up to 700 nm
Two routes for electron flow:
A. Linear (Noncyclic) electron flow - Is the
primary pathway of energy transformation in
the light reactions
B. Cyclic electron flow - Alternate pathway
NonCyclic
* Uses both photosystems I and II
1. Light -> Chlorophyll -> Excited
2.
e- passed to reaction center P680 of Photosystem II
(protein + chlorophyll a)
3. e- captured by primary electron acceptor
– Redox reaction  e- transfer down long chain
– Some energy is lost and will be used to pump H+
4. H2O is split to replace e-  O2 formed (called
Photolysis)
NonCyclic and Energy Coupling (Chemiosmosis)
5. e- passed to Photosystem I via ETC and get a 2nd
boost
6. H+ have accumulated in the thylakoid creating a
gradient
7. H+ pumped through ATP Synthase, ADP + P create
ATP (photophosphorylation)
8. e- from PS I primary electron acceptor go through
2nd ETC
9. Final electron acceptor: NADP+ reduced to NADPH
Mechanical analogy for the light reactions
Cyclic Electron Flow: uses PS I only; produces ATP for
Calvin Cycle (no O2 or NADPH produced)
Used when not
enough NADP
molecules available
to accept electrons.
Both respiration and photosynthesis use
chemiosmosis to generate ATP but begin
with diff. types of energy
Proton motive force generated by:
(1) H+ from water
(2) H+ pumped across by cytochrome
(3) Removal of H+ from stroma when NADP+ is reduced
Did you get it?
• What color of light is LEAST effective in driving
photosynthesis? Explain.
• In the light reactions, what is the electron
donor? Where do the electrons end up?
Tuesday – October 20th
Agenda:
• WarmUp: Photosynthesis Video Clip (Nearpod)
• Pre-Lab #5 Quiz
• Photosynthesis Lab, Begin Design for Tomorrow
HW: Day 2 Prelab (Finish Design for Tomorrow)
Study Guide Due on October 27th
Enzyme and Cellular Respiration Quiz After
School Today
Wednesday 21st
• Photosynthesis Lab Part 2
• Analyze Conclusion from Enzyme Lab
• Write-Up Due on Friday
Study Guide Due on 27th
STRIVE FOR 5 AP QUESTIONS REVIEW AFTER
SCHOOL – Ch 9 Kahoots
Thursday - October 22nd
WarmUp: Enzymes at Work Worksheet (Grab one)
Agenda:
- Photosynthesis Lecture: Calvin Cycle and Alternate Pathways
(Guided Notes – Day 2 Completed Together in Class)
- Concept Map on Photosynthesis
HW:
Start working on Learnerator, Lab Write-Up Due Tmrw
**Pick up your journal by the end of 4th period!!!!**
Study Guide Due on 27th
Dark Reactions, Light-Independent Reactions
CALVIN CYCLE
Calvin Cycle: Uses ATP and NADPH to convert
CO2 to sugar
• Uses ATP, NADPH, CO2 (from LDR)
• Produces 3-C sugar G3P (glyceraldehyde-3phosphate)
Three phases:
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of RuBP (CO2 acceptor)
Phase 1: 3 CO2 + RuBP (5-C sugar ribulose
bisphosphate)
• Catalyzed by enzyme rubisco (RuBP carboxylase)
Reduction Step
First Stable Product
Sugar
Reduced
Phase 2: Use 6 ATP
and 6 NADPH to
produce 1 net G3P
Oxidized
Two turns (2 G3Ps) to make
one glucose.
Phase 3: Use 3 ATP to
regenerate RuBP
Photorespiration
• Intense bright light and arid conditions can stunt C3 plant growth
• They have to keep their stomata closed (dehydrate)
C3 Plants get their name from G3P – a 3-C molecule, 1st stable
product in Calvin Cycle
• Triggers photorespiration
– Rubisco can bind to OXYGEN in place of CO2
– Plant makes less sugar and carbon for the plant
• Makes CO2 fixing less efficient (- 50% of the fixed carbon)
Benefit? Evolutionary Advantage?
Early atmosphere: low O2, high CO2
Evolutionary Adaptations
1. Problem with C3 Plants:
– CO2 fixed to 3-C compound in Calvin cycle
– Ex. Rice, wheat, soybeans
– Hot, dry days:
» partially close stomata, ↓CO2
» Photorespiration
» ↓ photosynthetic output (no sugars made)
C4 Plants
(HOT AND DRY)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Efficient (ex: corn, sugarcane)
Structural Strategy: Different cells for light reactions and dark
reactions – spatially reduces photorespiration
Biochemical: CO2 combines with an extra enzyme, PEP
Carboxylase, to fix carbon
PEP doesn’t bind with OXYGEN
PEP has a high affinity for CO2
PEP acts as a CO2 PUMP
Makes a 4-C compound (oxaloacetate) , 4-C converted to
malate and enters bundle sheath cells (tissues surrounding leaf
vein) converted to pyruvate and CO2
CO2 released for uptake into regular Calvin Cycle to make
glucose
C4 Leaf Anatomy
–
–
CAM
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
Family: Crassulacean
– Ex. cacti, pineapples, succulent
(H2O-storing) plants
– NIGHT: stomata open  CO2 enters
 same as C4 but converts to
malic acid instead of malate, then
stored
– DAY: stomata closed  light
reactions supply ATP, NADPH; CO2
released from organic acids for
Calvin cycle
– WHY? Advantage in arid conditions
Comparison
C3
C4
C fixation & Calvin
together
C fixation & Calvin in
different cells
Initially makes a 3-C Initially makes a 4-C
compound
compound
Rubisco
PEP carboxylase
CAM
C fixation & Calvin at
different TIMES
Organic acid
Importance of Photosynthesis
Plant:
Global:
• Glucose for respiration
• Cellulose
• O2 Production
• Food source
STEM - Friday 23rd
• Notecard WarmUp: Carbon and Metabolism
Photosynthesis Lab Write-Up Due
1. Review Homework Concept Maps
2. T-Charts
3. Kahoot Game
4. Color Coding
5. Photorespiration Pkt
HW: Learnerator, Study Guide Due on 27th
** FREC Research Design **
AP - Friday 23rd
• Notecard WarmUp: Carbon and Metabolism
Photosynthesis Lab Write-Up Due
1. Review Homework Concept Maps (Period 2)
2. T-Charts
3. Kahoot Game
4. Color Coding
5. Photorespiration Pkt
HW: Learnerator, Study Guide Due on 27th
Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis: Takes in carbon dioxide and
turns it into glucose.
• Cellular Respiration: Takes that glucose and
releases carbon dioxide.
REVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis
involves both
Light
ENERGY
Light
Reaction
stored in
organic
molecules
in which
energized
electrons
H2O
split
O2
evolved
chemiosmosis
Reduce
NADP+ to
ETC
NADPH
Calvin
Cycle
CO2 fixed
to RuBP
C3
phosphorylated
and reduced
to form
ATP
in process
called
photophosphorylation
using
regenerate
RuBP
G3P
glucose &
other carbs
Compare
RESPIRATION
• Plants + Animals
• Needs O2 and food
• Produces CO2, H2O and ATP,
NADH
• Occurs in mitochondria
membrane & matrix
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Proton gradient across
membrane
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Plants
• Needs CO2, H2O, sunlight
• Produces glucose, O2 and ATP,
NADPH
• Occurs in chloroplast
thylakoid membrane &
stroma
• Photorespiration
• Proton gradient across
membrane
Compare
LIGHT REACTIONS
Calvin cycle
Compare
Mitochondria
chloroplast
Review
Review
During which process of photosynthesis is
carbon dioxide consumed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cyclic phosphorylation
Noncyclic phosphorylation
The C3 Pathway
Krebs Cycle
Warm-Up
1. A photon of which color of light would contain
more energy: Orange (620 nm) or Blue (480
nm)? Why?
2. What are the components of a photosystem?
3. Compare and contrast heterotrophs to
autotrophs.
4. Write the balanced chemical equation for
photosynthesis.
Warm-Up
1. What is the main function of the Light
Reactions?
2. What are the reactants of the Light
Reactions? What are the products?
3. Where does the Light Reactions occur?
4. What are the components of a photosystem?
Warm-Up
1. What is the main function of the Calvin
Cycle?
2. What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle?
What are the products?
3. Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
4. Which enzyme is responsible for carbon
fixation?
Warm-Up
1. Draw the chloroplast and label it. Where
does the light reaction, Calvin cycle,
chemiosmosis occur?
2. What is RuBP, rubisco and G3P?
3. Compare Respiration to Photosynthesis.
Warm-Up
1. Why do C4 plants photosynthesize
without photorespiration?
2. What is the purpose of the proton
gradient?
3. State the differences and similarities
between C4 and CAM plants.
4. Why is the leaf shaped and structured
as it is? (think structure  function)
What you need to know:
• The summary equation of photosynthesis including the source
and fate of the reactants and products.
• How leaf and chloroplast anatomy relates to photosynthesis.
• How photosystems convert solar energy to chemical energy.
• How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the
formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2.
• How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions.
• How the Calvin Cycle uses the energy molecules of the light
reactions to produce G3P.
• The metabolic adaptations of C4 and CAM plants to arid, dry
regions.
Monday 26th
• FREC
• 3D Animations
• HW: Learnerator, Study Guide Due Tmrw
• STRIVE FOR 5 AP QUESTIONS REVIEW AFTER
SCHOOL – Ch 10
Tuesday - October 27th
Agenda:
• Peer Review Study Guides (15 minutes)
• FRQ (15 minutes)
• Practice Test
New Test Day
Wednesday 28, 2015