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The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Meninges Protect brain from shock Provide buoyancy Infection: meningitis KW2-5 Meninges (sketch) • Skull • Dura mater (tough mother) • Arachnoid layer • Subarachnoid space filled with CSF • Pia mater (soft mother) • Cortex (bark) Ventricles Cavities in the brain filled with CSF Hydrocephalus is caused by blockage KW 2-9 CSF Circulation • CSF produced in ventricles • Chorid plexus • CSF circulates thru ventricles and • Meninges • Brain and spinal cord • Spinal tap Hydrocephalus • Flow of CSF blocked. • CSF builds up in ventricles. • Ventricles expand. • Brain tissue destroyed by pressure. • Must drain CSF Lobes of the Brain Lateral ventricles KW 1-1 Blood Flow to Cortex Important when determining stroke where flow is blocked or blood vessel ruptures. KW 2-7 Stroke • Blood clot blocks flow. • Hypertension • Artery ruptures. • Hemorrhage. • Loss of blood supply to brain in both cases. Subdural Hematoma • Blow to skull ruptures vein. • Blood collects under dura. • Displaces brain. • Pressure must be released. Brainstem KW 2-15 Brains from All Sides KW 2-6 Reticular Formation Brain’s arousal center KW 2-16 Midbrain (Colliculi) Old sensory centers for vision and hearing KW 2-18 Cerebellum Coordination Planning Learning Prediction Fine motor control KW 2-17 Brainstem structures • • • • Reticular Formation Sleep center Cerebellum Vegetative centers for heart rate, breathing, cough reflex, etc • Cranial Nerves • Summary: basic body functions • Essential for life Thalamus Located in very center of brain. “Inner chamber” Thalamus and Cortex Thalamus Visual Cortex Eye Thalamus is a Relay Station for the senses Location of the Thalamus Below thalamus we find Hypothalamus Motivation Regulates pituitary Homeostasis KW2-19 Hypothalamus KW 11-9 Motivation-Hunger • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions Hypothalamus and Pituitary KW 11-11 Motivation and the Hypothalamus • Homeostasis – tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • Setpoints for eating and drinking. • Control endocrine system thru pituitary Initiates movements like walking. “Starter Motor” Gross motor control Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia KW 2-23 Diseases of the Basal Ganglia Huntington’s Disease: A genetic disorder Website: www.hdfoundation.org Parkinson’s Disease: Loss of dopamine producing neurons. Nancy Wexler Website: www.parkinsonaction.org Michael J. Fox Limbic System Emotional Brain KW 2-20 Limbic System • Emotional Brain • Negative emotions like fear and anger • Brain’s “ID” • Animal impulses and reactions • Balanced in humans by cortex KW 11-14 Hippocampus and Amygdala KW 2-24 Experiencing Emotion • The Amygdala• a neural key to fear learning Hippocampus (purple) Memory components • Hippocampus: consolidation of new memories • Movie: Memento • Amygdala: emotional memory • Flashbulb memory • Life-changing experiences Next: Mapping the cortex
