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1750 •Agricultural Society –Simple life and homes –Food grown for consumption –Clothes made by hand –Simple tools Why Were the British Started about 1750…… •Natural Resources! – Coal for power – Iron for building st 1 ? •Human Resources Agricultural Boom – – – – – – Use of different soils Crop rotation Use of horses Invention of seed drill Physical size of animals increased Enclosure farming – fencing land Population Explosion – Decline in death rates – Reduced risk of famine – Stronger/healthier babies from better eating – Deadly diseases in decline •New Technology –Scientific Revolution • Attention on physical world & managing it –Social Revolution • Enlightenment thinking –Political Revolution • Economic – Capital ($$) •Accumulated by business class •Invest in mines, railroads, and factories • Economic – Demand •Population explosion increased demand •General economic prosperity to allow purchases • Political & Social Conditions –Stable government –Strong navy for protection –Upper middle class allowed wealth to spread • Political & Social Conditions – cont… –Religious groups that encouraged thrift & hard work –Worldly problems more of a concern than life after death –Energies devoted to material achievements Textile 1. A cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric. 2. Fiber or yarn for weaving or knitting into cloth. Changes in Textile Industry Innovations: • John Kay: Flying Shuttle – cloth weaving • James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny – spun thread • Richard Awkwright: water power to speed up spinning Start of Factories • New machines too large & expensive for homes. • First, built next to streams to run on water power. Later, steam engines powered by coal. • Many workers with machines produced increased quantities of lower priced goods. Transportation • Railroads • Turnpikes • Steamboats and Ships Urbanization • Movement of people to city • Looking for jobs • Coal and iron mines grew cities • Factories made cities grow The Factory System • Rigid discipline: –Set schedule –Long hours (12 to 16 per day) –Dangerous conditions The Factory System • Women workers – Easier to manage – Paid less than men for same job – Still had to care for family and home The Factory System • Child labor – Small and quick – Family needed money – No education The New Middle Class • Merchants, inventors, or skilled artisans • “Rags to Riches” • Nice home, dressed and ate well • Political involvement • Servants • “Get ahead” attitude that was not sympathetic to the poor Thomas Malthus • “Essay on the Principle of Population” • Population increasing faster than food supply • Only checks on population growth are war, disease, and famine. Laissez-Faire Economics • Government should not interfere with the free operation of the economy • “Hands off approach” Utilitarians • “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” of citizens • Laws or actions judged by their “utility” • Individual freedoms • Government intervention in some instances Socialism • The people as a whole would own and run the “means of production,” not private individuals • Condemned the evils of industrial capitalism Utopia • No difference between rich and poor • Self-sufficient communities • Fighting would end Karl Marx • Scientific Socialism • Condemned the idea of Utopia • “The Communist Manifesto” – economics the driving force in history • “the history of class struggles” between “haves” and “have-nots” Spread of the Industrial Revolution Britain…..Belgium….. Germany…..France….. United States….Japan….. Canada…..Australia….. New Zealand….. Results • Not all countries had necessary resources • Social changes • Fierce competition • “Shrinking of the World” • Pollution New Methods of Production • Interchangeable parts • Assembly line Technology • Steel: –Henry Bessemer – purified iron ore –Lighter, harder, more durable than iron –Produced cheaply • Chemicals –Medicine –First artificial food (margarine) –Perfume –Soap!! –Dynamite •Electricity –Electric light bulb –Batteries –Cables to carry electicity –Power transformers –AC Current More….. • Transportation: –Internal combustion engine –Cars & gasoline –Airplanes • Communication: –Telegraph –Telephone –Radio BIG Business • Lots of money needed!! • Corporations – business owned by many investors • Monopolies – Companies that controlled all aspects of industry or areas of the economy • Cartel – An association to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide a market Need for Regulation? Captains of Industry Or Robber Barons? Life during the Industrial Revolution • Medicine: –Germ discovery –Vaccines –Pasteurization –Insects can cause illness –Anesthesia –Sterilization –Sanitation –Antiseptics Cities • Increasing population • Slums • Tenements • More wealth • Shopping areas • Trolley lines • Suburbia • Sidewalks • Paved streets • Electric street lights • Sewers • Clean water • Skyscrapers Working-Class Problems: • Low wages • Long hours • Unsafe conditions • Threat of unemployment • Child labor Solutions: • Right to vote • Organized Unions • Bargaining • Laws regulating conditions, hours, child labor Changing Attitudes & Values • Social Order • Middle Class • Rights for Women –Suffrage: The right to vote • Public Education – late 1800’s • Higher Education