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! ! ! 3-1 Lines and Angles Vocabulary Review Write T for true or F for false. 1. You can name a plane by a capital letter, such as A. 2. A plane contains a finite number of lines. 3. Two points lying on the same plane are coplanar. 4. If two distinct planes intersect, then they intersect in exactly one line. Vocabulary Builder PA The symbol for parallel is . ruh lel Definition: Parallel lines lie in the same plane but never intersect, no matter how far they extend. Use Your Vocabulary 5. Circle the segment(s) that are parallel to the x-axis. AB BC CD AD 6. Circle the segment(s) that are parallel to the y-axis. AB BC CD parallelogram AD square trapezoid Complete each statement below with line or segment. 8. A 9 consist of two endpoints and all the points between them. 9. A 9 is made up of an infinite number of points. Chapter 3 58 3 2 1 Ľ5 Ľ4 Ľ3 Ľ2 Ľ1 O 7. Circle the polygon(s) that have two pairs of parallel sides. rectangle A D Ľ2 Ľ3 y B x 1 2 3 4 5 C Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. parallel (noun) Key Concept Parallel and Skew Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect. Parallel planes are planes that do not intersect. A coplanar * ) * ) * ) * ) CB and AE Parallel G F E do not intersect AE and CG intersect B H 10. Write each word, phrase, or symbol in the correct oval. noncoplanar C D Skew lines are noncoplanar; they are not parallel and do not intersect. Use arrows to show X X X X AE I BF and AD I BC. Skew Problem 1 Identifying Nonintersecting Lines and Planes Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Got It? Use the figure at the right. Which segments are parallel to AD? 11. In plane ADHE, is parallel to AD. 12. In plane ADBC, is parallel to AD . 13. In plane ADGF, is parallel to AD . C B D A G F Got It? Reasoning Explain why FE and CD are not skew. E H 14. Cross out the words or phrases below that do NOT describe skew lines. coplanar do not intersect parallel intersect noncoplanar not parallel 15. Circle the correct statement below. Segments and rays can be skew if they lie in skew lines. Segments and rays are never skew. 16. Underline the correct words to complete the sentence. FE and CD are in a plane that slopes from the bottom / top left edge to the bottom / top right edge of the figure. 17. Why are FE and CD NOT skew? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 59 Lesson 3-1 Key Concept Angle Pairs Formed by Transversals Alternate interior angles are nonadjacent interior angles that lie on opposite sides of the transversal. t Exterior 1 2 4 3 Same-side interior angles are interior angles that lie on the same side of the transversal. Interior Corresponding angles lie on the same side of a transversal t and in corresponding positions. 5 6 8 7 Alternate exterior angles are nonadjacent exterior angles that lie on opposite sides of the transversal. m Exterior Use the diagram above. Draw a line from each angle pair in Column A to its description in Column B. Column A Column B 18. /4 and /6 alternate exterior angles 19. /3 and /6 same-side interior angles 20. /2 and /6 alternate interior angles 21. /2 and /8 corresponding angles Identifying an Angle Pair Got It? What are three pairs of corresponding angles in the diagram at m the right? n 1 2 8 7 Underline the correct word(s) or letter(s) to complete each sentence. 3 4 6 5 22. The transversal is line m / n / r . r 23. Corresponding angles are on the same side / different sides of the transversal. 24. Name three pairs of corresponding angles. / and / / and / / and / / and / Problem 3 Classifying an Angle Pair Got It? Are angles 1 and 3 alternate interior angles, same-side interior 1 2 angles, corresponding angles, or alternate exterior angles? 25. Are /1 and /3 on the same side of the transversal? Yes / No 26. Cross out the angle types that do NOT describe /1 and /3. alternate exterior alternate interior corresponding 27. /1 and /3 are 9 angles. Chapter 3 60 same-side interior 3 4 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Problem 2 Lesson Check • Do you know HOW? Name one pair each of the segments or planes. 28. parallel segments 29. skew segments AB 6 30. parallel planes ABCD 6 HD and F B E H C A D Name one pair each of the angles. 31. alternate interior 32. same-side interior /8 and / 8 /8 and / 33. corresponding 5 34. alternate exterior /1 and / 3 4 6 G 1 7 2 /7 and / Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND? Error Analysis Carly and Juan examine the figure at the right. Carly says AB 6 HG. Juan says AB and HG are skew. Who is correct? Explain. D C A B G Write T for true or F for false. H F 35. Parallel segments are coplanar. E Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 36. There are only six planes in a cube. 37. No plane contains AB and HG . 38. Who is correct? Explain. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Math Success Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. angle parallel skew transversal Rate how well you can classify angle pairs. Need to review 0 2 4 6 8 Now I get it! 10 61 Lesson 3-1 Name 3-1 Class Date Additional Problems Lines and Angles Problem 1 a. Which segments are parallel to RU ? Y b. Which segments are skew to SW ? V c. What are two pairs of parallel planes? R X W U T S d. What are two segments parallel to plane RUYV? Problem 2 Which is a pair of alternate interior angles? 5 A. /1 and /2 B. /3 and /6 1 7 8 6 3 4 2 C. /2 and /7 D. /4 and /8 Problem 3 In the figure above, are /3 and /7 alternate interior angles, same-side interior angles, corresponding angles, or alternate exterior angles? Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 29 Name 3-1 Class Date ELL Support Lines and Angles Concept List alternate exterior angles alternate interior angles corresponding angles parallel lines parallel planes plane sam e-side interior angles skew lines transversal Choose the concept from the list above that best represents the item in each box. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Prentice Hall Geometry • Teaching Resources Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1 Properties of Parallel Lines 3-2 Vocabulary Review 1. Circle the symbol for congruent. > 5 6 Identify each angle below as acute, obtuse, or right. 2. 3. 4. 72í 125í Vocabulary Builder interior (noun) in TEER ee ur m E interior Related Words: inside (noun), exterior (noun, antonym) Definition: The interior of a pair of lines is the region between the two lines. Example: A painter uses interior paint for the inside of a house. Use Your Vocabulary Use the diagram at the right for Exercises 5 and 6. Underline the correct point to complete each sentence. B A 5. The interior of the circle contains point A / B / C . C 6. The interior of the angle contains point A / B / C . 7. Underline the correct word to complete the sentence. The endpoint of an angle is called its ray / vertex . A 8. Write two other names for /ABC in the diagram at the right. B Chapter 3 62 1 C Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Main Idea: The interior is the inside of a figure. Postulate 3-1, Theorems 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 Then... Postulate 3-1 corresponding angles are congruent. If... Postulate Theorem 3-1 alternate interior a transversal Corresponding Angles Alternate Interior angles are congruent. Angles Theorem intersects two parallel lines, same-side interior angles are supplementary. Theorem 3-2 Same-Side Interior Angles Theorem Theorem 3-3 alternate exterior angles are congruent. Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem Use the graphic organizer and the diagram to find each congruent angle. 9. Postulate 3-1 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. /3 > 10. Theorem 3-1 4 5 3 6 2 7 1 8 11. Theorem 3-3 /3 > /1 > r s Problem 1 Identifying Congruent Angles Got It? Reasoning One way to justify ml5 5 55 is shown below. Can you find another way to justify ml5 5 55? Explain. 1 m/1 5 55 by the Vertical Angles Theorem. m/5 5 55 by the Corresponding Angles Postulate because /1 and /5 are corresponding angles. 5 2 4 55 6 8 7 12. Write a reason for each statement. m/7 5 55 m/5 5 m/7 m/5 5 55 63 Lesson 3-2 Name 3-2 Class Date Additional Problems Properties of Parallel Lines Problem 1 Which angles measure 130? 1 5 2 3 6 130 4 8 Problem 2 Given: a 6 b 1 Prove: /1 and /3 are supplementary. a 3 2 Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 30 b Name 3-2 Class Date Additional Problems (continued) Properties of Parallel Lines Problem 3 What are the measures of /8 and /4? Explain. 5 2 6 4 3 m 1 8 115 n Problem 4 What is the value of y? y Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 31 60 50 a b Name 3-2 Class Date ELL Support Properties of Parallel Lines Complete the vocabulary chart by filling in the missing information. Word or Word Phrase Definition Picture or Example angle pairs Angle pairs are two angles that are related in some way. parallel lines 1. transversal 2. congruent Two angles are congruent if the angles have the same measure. 3. supplementary angles The sum of the measures of two supplementary angles is 180. 4. complementary angles 5. corresponding angles 6. congruent angles, supplementary angles, corresponding angles, exterior angles, interior angles, vertical angles Prentice Hall Geometry • Teaching Resources Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 11 3-3 Proving Lines Parallel Vocabulary Review Write the converse of each statement. 1. Statement: If you are cold, then you wear a sweater. Converse: If 9, then 9. If , then . 2. Statement: If an angle is a right angle, then it measures 90°. Converse: 3. The converse of a true statement is always / sometimes / never true . Vocabulary Builder E m Related Words: exterior (noun), external, interior (antonym) exterior Definition: Exterior means on the outside or in an outer region. Example: Two lines crossed by a transversal form four exterior angles. Use Your Vocabulary Underline the correct word to complete each sentence. 4. To paint the outside of your house, buy interior / exterior paint. 5. The protective cover prevents the interior / exterior of the book from being damaged. 6. In the diagram at the right, angles 1 and 7 are alternate interior / exterior angles. 7. In the diagram at the right, angles 4 and 5 are same-side interior / exterior angles. Underline the hypothesis and circle the conclusion in the following statements. 8. If the lines do not intersect, then they are parallel lines. 9. If the angle measures 180˚, then it is a straight angle. Chapter 3 66 1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 E m Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. exterior exterior (adjective) ek STEER ee ur Postulates 3-1 and 3-2 Corresponding Angles Postulate and Its Converse Postulate 3-1 Corresponding Angles Postulate If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then corresponding angles are congruent. 10. Complete the statement of Postulate 3-2. Postulate 3-2 Converse of the Corresponding Angles Postulate If two lines on a transversal form corresponding angles that are congruent, then the lines are 9. 11. Use the diagram below. Place appropriate marking(s) to show that /1 and /2 are congruent. r s 1 2 t 12. Circle the diagram that models Postulate 3-2. 1 2 E 1 m E m 2 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Theorems 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 Theorem 3-4 Converse of the Alternate Interior Angle Theorem If two lines and a transversal form alternate interior angles that are congruent, then the two lines are parallel. Theorem 3-5 Converse of the Same-Side Interior Angles Theorem If two lines and a transversal form same-side interior angles that are supplementary, then the two lines are parallel. Theorem 3-6 Converse of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem If two lines and a transversal form alternate exterior angles that are congruent, then the two lines are parallel. 13. Use the diagram at the right to complete each example. Theorem 3-4 Theorem 3-5 Theorem 3-6 If /4 > then b6c. If /3 and are supplementary, then b6c. If /1 > then b6c. , 67 , 6 7 5 8 4 3 1 2 b c Lesson 3-3 Problem 1 Identifying Parallel Lines Got It? Which lines are parallel if l6 O l7? Justify your answer. 14. Underline the correct word(s) to complete each sentence. /6 > /7 is given / to prove . a 3 b 4 5 m 6 1 8 /6 and /7 are alternate / same-side angles. 2 7 /6 and /7 are corresponding / exterior / interior angles. I can use Postulate 3-1 / Postulate 3-2 to prove the lines parallel. Using /6 > /7, lines a and b / ! and m are parallel and the transversal is a/ b / !/ m . Problem 2 Writing a Flow Proof of Theorem 3-6 Got It? Given that l1 O l7. Prove that l3 O l5 using a flow proof. 15. Use the diagram at the right to complete the flow proof below. 1 m 5 6 3 7 Given Ƌ7 ƹ Ƌ3 ƹƋ7 Ƌ1 ƹƋ3 Ƌ3 ƹƋ5 Vertical angles Problem 3 Determining Whether Lines Are Parallel Got It? Given that l1 O l2, you can use the Converse of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem to prove that lines r and s are parallel. What is another way to explain why r ns? Justify your answer. 16. Justify each step. 3 1 /1 > /2 /2 > /3 /1 > /3 17. Angles 1 and 3 are alternate / corresponding . 18. What postulate or theorem can you now use to explain why r6s? _______________________________________________________________________ Chapter 3 68 s r 2 t Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. are ƹ. Problem 4 Using Algebra Got It? What is the value of w for which c n d? c 55 Underline the correct word to complete each sentence. d (3w 2) 19. The marked angles are on opposite sides / the same side of the transversal. 20. By the Corresponding Angles Postulate, if c 6 d then corresponding angles are complementary / congruent / supplementary . 21. Use the theorem to solve for w. Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND? * ) * ) Error Analysis A classmate says that AB n DC based on the diagram at right. Explain your classmate's error. A 22. Circle the segments that are sides of /D and /C. Underline the transversal. AB BC DC DA D B 83 97 C Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 23. Explain your classmate’s error. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Math Success Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. flow proof two-step proof parallel lines Rate how well you can prove that lines are parallel. Need to review 0 2 4 6 8 Now I get it! 10 69 Lesson 3-3 Name Class Date Additional Problems 3-3 Proving Lines Parallel Problem 1 Which lines are parallel if /2 > /3? Justify your answer. a 1 2 8 3 4 Problem 2 Use the diagram below. Write a flow proof. 1 2 a 5 4 b Given: m/5 5 40; m/2 5 140 Prove: a 6 b Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 32 b n 5 6 7 m Name 3-3 Class Date Additional Problems (continued) Proving Lines Parallel Problem 3 If m/1 5 65 and m/2 5 115, are lines a and b parallel? Explain. a 1 2 b Problem 4 What is the value of x for which a 6 b? a 48 (3x 3) Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 33 b Name 3-3 Class Date ELL Support Proving Lines Parallel The column on the left shows the steps for proving lines parallel. Use the column on the left to answer each question in the column on the right. 1. What does converse mean? Proving Lines Parallel How can you prove the Converse of the Same-Side Interior Angles Theorem? Given: ∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are supplementary. Prove: a ║ b __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Start with the given information. 2. What does given mean? ∠3 and ∠5 are supplementary. __________________________________ __________________________________ Use the definition of supplementary angles. 3. What are supplementary angles? __________________________________ ∠3 and ∠1 are supplementary. __________________________________ Recognize that supplements of the same angle are congruent. 4. What does the symbol ≅ stand for? __________________________________ ∠5 ≅ ∠1 __________________________________ Recall that if corresponding lines are parallel. are congruent, 5. How do corresponding angles correspond with each other? a and b are parallel. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Prentice Hall Geometry • Teaching Resources Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 21 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 3-4 Vocabulary Review Complete each statement with always, sometimes or never. 1. A transversal 9 intersects at least two lines. 2. A transversal 9 intersects two lines at more than two points. 3. A transversal 9 intersects two parallel lines. 4. A transversal 9 forms angles with two other lines. Vocabulary Builder transitive (adjective) TRAN Transitive si tiv If A B and B C then A C. Related Words: transition, transit, transitivity Main Idea: You use the Transitive Property in proofs when what you know implies a statement that, in turn, implies what you want to prove. Definition: Transitive describes the property where one element in relation to a second element and the second in relation to the third implies the first element is in relation to the third element. Use Your Vocabulary Complete each example of the Transitive Property. 6. If Joe is younger than Ann 5. If a . b and b . c, then . 7. If you travel from and Ann is younger than Station 2 to Station 3 Sam, then and you travel from . , then you travel from Station 2 to Station 4. Chapter 3 70 Theorem 3-7 Transitive Property of Parallel Lines and Theorem 3-8 8. Complete the table below. Theorem 3-7 Theorem 3-8 Transitive Property of Parallel Lines In a plane, if two line are perpendicular to the same line, then they are parallel to each other. If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are parallel to each other. If a b m ȓt and n ȓt then a c m n Problem 1 Solving a Problem With Parallel Lines Got It? Can you assemble the pieces at the right to form a picture frame with opposite sides parallel? Explain. 9. Circle the correct phrase to complete the sentence. 60 60 60 60 30˚ 30˚ To make the picture frame, you will glue 9. the same angle to the same angle two different angles together 10. The angles at each connecting end measure 8 and 8. 8. 11. When the pieces are glued together, each angle of the frame will measure 12. Complete the flow chart below with parallel or perpendicular. The left piece will be The top and bottom to the right piece. Opposite sides are pieces will be . to the side pieces. The top piece will be to the bottom piece. 13. Underline the correct words to complete the sentence. Yes / No , I can / cannot assemble the pieces to form a picture frame with opposite sides parallel. 71 Lesson 3-4 Theorem 3-9 Perpendicular Transversal Theorem n In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then it is also perpendicular to the other. 14. Place a right angle symbol in the diagram at the right to illustrate Theorem 3-9. E m Use the information in each diagram to complete each statement. 15. a g n 16. t p c a6 and a ' , so and n 6 c' . ' , so . ' Problem 2 Proving a Relationship Between Two lines Got It? Use the diagram at the right. In a plane, c ' b, b ' d, and d ' a. Can you conclude that anb? Explain. c 17. Circle the line(s) perpendicular to a. Underline the line(s) perpendicular to b. d a b c d a 18. Lines that are perpendicular to the same line are parallel / perpendicular . 19. Can you conclude that a6b ? Explain. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Lesson Check • Do you know HOW? In one town, Avenue A is parallel to Avenue B. Avenue A is also perpendicular to Main Street. How are Avenue B and Main Street related? Explain. 20. Label the streets in the diagram A for Avenue A, B for Avenue B, and M for Main Street. 21. Underline the correct word(s) to complete each sentence. The Perpendicular Transversal Theorem states that, in a plane, if a line is parallel / perpendicular to one of two parallel / perpendicular lines, then it is also parallel / perpendicular to the other. Avenue B and Main Street are parallel / perpendicular streets. Chapter 3 72 b Name 3-4 Class Date Additional Problems Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Problem 1 What is the relationship between segments AB and CD? Explain. B 68 22 35 55 C D A Problem 2 In a plane, c ' b, b ' d, and d ' a. Prove that c 6 d. c d a Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 34 b Name Class 3-4 Date ELL Support Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Choose the word from the list below that best matches each sentence. intersect parallel perpendicular transversal 1. two lines in the same plane that never intersect 2. a line that crosses two lines in the same plane at two different points 3. what two lines do that cross at a point 4. two lines that cross at a 90° angle Use a word from the list above to complete each sentence. 5. The symbol ┴ is used to show that lines are ______________ . 6. If two lines are parallel to the same line, they are ____________ to each other. 7. The symbol || is used to show that lines are _____________ . 8. Parallel lines are lines that never ________________ . Draw the lines described below. 9. Draw parallel lines a and b and transversal c. 10. Draw line d 11. perpendicular to line e. Draw line f intersecting line g. Multiple Choice 12. What type of angle is formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines? acute obtuse right straight 13. If lines a and b are perpendicular to line c, what word best describes how lines a and b relate to each other? intersecting parallel perpendicular Prentice Hall Geometry • Teaching Resources Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 31 skew 3-5 Parallel Lines and Triangles Vocabulary Review Identify the part of speech for the word alternate in each sentence below. 1. You vote for one winner and one alternate. 2. Your two friends alternate serves during tennis. 3. You and your sister babysit on alternate nights. 4. Write the converse of the statement. Statement: If it is raining, raining then I need an umbrella. Converse: tri- (prefix) try Related Word: triple Main Idea: Tri- is a prefix meaning three that is used to form compound words. Examples: triangle, tricycle, tripod Use Your Vocabulary Write T for true or F for false. 5. A tripod is a stand that has three legs. 6. A triangle is a polygon with three or more sides. 7. A triatholon is a race with two events — swimming and bicycling. 8. In order to triple an amount, multiply it by three. Chapter 3 74 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Vocabulary Builder Theorem 3-11 Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem An exterior angle of a polygon is an angle formed by a side and an extension of an adjacent side. For each exterior angle of a triangle, the two nonadjacent interior angles are its remote interior angles. 2 The measure of each exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the measures of its two remote interior angles. 18. 1 5 m/2 1 m/3 3 Circle the number of each exterior angle and draw a box around the number of each remote interior angle. 19. 20. 5 3 6 4 1 2 Problem 2 Using the Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem Got It? Two angles of a triangle measure 53. What is the measure of an exterior angle at each vertex of the triangle? Label the interior angles 538, 538, and a. Label the exterior angles adjacent to the 538 angles as x and y. Label the third exterior angle z. 22. Complete the flow chart. Triangle Angle-Sum 53 à 53 à a â aâ Ľ â Exterior Angle x âa à â â Chapter 3 Exterior Angle zâ y âa à à à â â 76 Exterior Angle â à Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 21. Use the diagram at the right. Problem 3 Applying the Triangle Theorems B 30í xí Got It? Reasoning Can you find mlA without using the A Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem? Explain. 80í 23. /ACB and /DCB are complementary / supplementary angles. 24. Find m/ACB. C D 25. Can you find m/A if you know two of the angle measures? Explain. __________________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND? 3 Explain how the Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem makes sense based on the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem. 1 26. Use the triangle at the right to complete the diagram below. 2 4 à mƋ2 â180 Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem mƋ1 à mƋ3 â mƋ4 à mƋ2 â180 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Linear Pair Postulate 27. Explain how the Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem makes sense based on the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Math Success Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. exterior angle remote interior angles Rate how well you can use the triangle theorems. Need to review 0 2 4 6 8 Now I get it! 10 77 Lesson 3-5 Name Class 3-5 Date Additional Problems Parallel Lines and Triangles Problem 1 Solve for x, y, and z in the figure below. 36 ° 32 ° z° y° x° 46 ° Problem 2 a. What is the measure of /1? 1 46 ° Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 35 41 ° Name 3-5 Class Date Additional Problems (continued) Parallel Lines and Triangles Problem 2 b. What is the measure of /2? 2 53 ° 119 ° Problem 3 What is the value of x? x° A. 170 B. 110 110 ° C. 70 D. 50 Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 36 60 ° Constructing Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 3-6 Vocabulary Review Write T for true or F for false. 1. A rectangle has two pairs of parallel segments. 2. A rectangle has two pairs of perpendicular segments. Write alternate exterior, alternate interior, or corresponding to describe each angle pair. 4. 1 2 5. 4 5 3 6 Vocabulary Builder construction (noun) kun STRUCK shun Other Word Forms: construct (verb), constructive (adjective) Main Idea: Construction means how something is built or constructed. Math Usage: A construction is a geometric figure drawn using a straightedge and a compass. Use Your Vocabulary 6. Complete each statement with the correct form of the word construction. VERB You 9 sand castles at the beach. NOUN The 9 on the highway caused quite a traffic jam. ADJECTIVE The time you spent working on your homework was 9. Chapter 3 78 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 3. 3-7 Equations of Lines in the Coordinate Plane Vocabulary Review Write T for true or F for false. 1. An ordered pair describes the location of a point in a coordinate grid. 2. An ordered pair can be written as (x-coordinate, y-coordinate) or (y-coordinate, x-coordinate). 3. The ordered pair for the origin is (0, 0). Vocabulary Builder Slope â slope (noun, verb) slohp rise run Definition: The slope of a line m between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on a coordinate plane is the ratio of the vertical change (rise) to rise y 2y m 5 run 5 x2 2 x1 2 1 Use Your Vocabulary Complete each statement with the appropriate word from the list. Use each word only once. slope sloping sloped 4. The 9 of the hill made it difficult for bike riding. 5. The driveway 9 down to the garage. 6. The 9 lawn led to the river. Draw a line from each word in Column A to its corresponding part of speech in Column B. Column A Column B 7. linear ADJECTIVE 8. line NOUN Chapter 3 82 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. the horizontal change (run). Problem 1 Finding Slopes of Lines Got It? Use the graph at the right. What is the slope of line a? 9. Complete the table below to find the slope of line a. Think change in y-coordinates change in x-coordinates mâ . b y2 Ľy1 x2 Ľx1 a d (1, 7) 6 Write I know the slope is the ratio y c (5, 7) 4 (2, 3) (1, 2) 2 2 x (4, 0) 6 O 8 (4, 2) Ľ â Two points on line a are (2, 3) and (5, 7). Ľ Now I can simplify. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Key Concept â Forms of Linear Equations Definition Symbols The slope-intercept form of an equation of a nonvertical line is y 5 mx 1 b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. y 5 mx 1 b c c slope y-intercept The point-slope form of an equation of a nonvertical line is y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1), where m is the slope and (x1, y1) is a point on the line. y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 c c y-coordinate slope x1) c x-coordinate Problem 2 Graphing Lines 5 Got It? Graph y 5 3x 2 4. y 4 10. In what form is the given equation written? 3 2 _________________________________________ 11. Written as a fraction, the slope is 12. One point on the graph is ( 13. From that point, move unit (s) to the right. 1 Ľ5 Ľ4 Ľ3 Ľ2 Ľ1 O Ľ1 . x 1 2 3 4 5 Ľ2 ,24). Ľ3 unit(s) up and Ľ4 Ľ5 14. Graph y 5 3x 2 4 on the coordinate plane. 83 Lesson 3-7 Writing Equations of Lines Problem 3 Got It? What is an equation of the line with slope 212 and y-intercept 2? 15. Complete the problem-solving model below. Know Need Plan slope m 5 Write an equation of a line. Use y-intercept 5 , the slope-intercept form of a linear equation. 16. Now write the equation. Problem 4 Using Two Points to Write an Equation Got It? You can use the two points given on the line at the right to y 6 show that the slope of the line is 5 . So one equation of the line is 6 y 2 5 5 5(x 2 3). What is an equation of the line if you use (22, 21) instead of (3, 5) in the point-slope form of the equation? (!2, !1) 17. The equation is found below. Write a justification for each step. !3 y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1) (3, 5) 4 Write in O x 2 4 !2 6 6 y 1 1 5 5(x 1 2) Got It? Use the two equations for the line shown above. Rewrite the equations in slope-intercept form and compare them. What can you conclude? 18. Write each equation in slope-intercept form. 6 6 y 2 5 5 5(x 2 3) y 1 1 5 5(x 1 2) 19. Underline the correct word(s) to complete each sentence. The equations are different / the same . Choosing (22,21) gives a different / the same equation as choosing (3, 5). 6 6 The equations y 2 5 5 5 (x 2 3) and y 1 1 5 5 (x 1 2) are / are not equivalent. Chapter 3 84 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. y 2 (21) 5 5(x 2 (22)) Problem 5 Writing Equations of Horizontal and Vertical Lines Got It? What are the equations for the horizontal and vertical lines through (4, 23)? 5 Write T for true or F for false. y 4 20. Every point on a horizontal line through (4,23) has y-coordinate of 23. 3 2 1 21. The equation of a vertical line through (4,23) is y 5 23. Ľ5 Ľ4 Ľ3 Ľ2 Ľ1 O Ľ1 x 1 2 3 4 5 Ľ2 22. The equation of a vertical line through (4,23) is x 5 4. Ľ3 Ľ4 23. Graph the horizontal and vertical lines through (4,23) on the coordinate plane at the right. Ľ5 Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND? Error Analysis A classmate found the slope of the line passing through (8,22) and (8, 10) as shown at the right. Describe your classmate’s error. Then find the correct slope of the line passing through the given points. 24. What is your classmate’s error? Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. _________________________________________________________________ 88 10 (2) 0 m 12 m m0 25. Find the slope, m. 26. The run is 8 2 8 5 , so the slope is . Math Success Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. slope slope-intercept form point-slope form Rate how well you can write and graph linear equations. Need to review 0 2 4 6 8 Now I get it! 10 85 Lesson 3-7 Name 3-7 Class Date Additional Problems Equations of Lines in the Coordinate Plane Problem 1 5 4 3 2 1 a. What is the slope of line a? b. What is the slope of line b? y a (1, 3) O1 2 3 4 5 x 5 4 3 2 1 1 (2, 3) 2 3 4 5 b Problem 2 1 a. Graph y 5 2 x 2 1. 2 b. Graph y 2 2 5 23 (x 1 4). Problem 3 a. What is an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with slope 2 and y-intercept 4? b. What is an equation in point-slope form of the line that passes through (3, 27) with slope 21? Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 39 Name 3-7 Class Date Additional Problems (continued) Equations of Lines in the Coordinate Plane Problem 4 What is an equation in point-slope form for the line graphed? 10 8 6 (2, 5) 4 2 y O 2 4 6 8 10 x 108 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 (4, 4) Problem 5 What are the equations for the horizontal and vertical lines through (1, 7)? Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 40 3-8 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Vocabulary Review y Use the graph at the right for Exercises 1–4. Write parallel or perpendicular to complete each sentence. a b 1. Line b is 9 to line a. x O 2. Line b is 9 to the x-axis. 3. Line a is 9 to the y-axis. 4. The x-axis is 9 to the y-axis. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the statement below. If a polygon is a triangle, then the sum of the measures of its angles is 180. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. INVERSE If a polygon is not a triangle, then 9. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. CONTRAPOSITIVE If the sum of the measures of the angles of a polygon is not 180, then 9. _______________________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Builder The reciprocal of x is reciprocal (noun) rih SIP ruh kul Other Word Forms: reciprocate (verb) Definition: The reciprocal of a number is a number such that the product of the two numerator denominator numbers is 1. The reciprocal of denominator is numerator . Chapter 3 86 1 . x Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5. CONVERSE If the sum of the measures of the angles of a polygon is 180, then 9. Use Your Vocabulary Complete each statement with reciprocal or reciprocate. Use each word only once. 8. VERB After your friend helps you with your homework, you 9 by helping your friend with his chores. 9. NOUN 3 The 9 of 23 is 2 . Key Concept Slopes of Parallel Lines • If two nonvertical lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal. • If the slopes of two distinct nonvertical lines are equal, then the lines are parallel. • Any two vertical lines or horizontal lines are parallel. Circle the correct statement in each exercise. 10. A vertical line is parallel to any other vertical line. 11. A vertical line is parallel to any horizontal line. Any two nonvertical lines have the same slope. Any two nonvertical lines that are parallel have the same slope. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Problem 1 Checking for Parallel Lines Got It? Line <3 contains A(213, 6) and B(21, 2). Line <4 contains C(3, 6) and D(6, 7). Are <3 and <4 parallel? Explain. 12. To determine whether lines /3 and /4 are are parallel check whether the lines have the same 9. 13. Find the slope of each line. slope of <3 226 5 21 2 (213) slope of <4 5 14. Are the slopes equal? Yes / No 15. Are lines /3 and /4 parallel? Explain. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 87 Lesson 3-8 Problem 2 Writing Equations of Parallel Lines Got It? What is an equation of the line parallel to y 5 2x 2 7 that contains (25, 3)? 16. The slope of the line y 5 2x 2 7 is . 17. The equation of the line parallel to y 5 2x 2 7 will have slope m 5 . 18. Find the equation of the line using point-slope form. Complete the steps below. y 2 y1 5 Write in point-slope form. y235 Substitute point and slope into equation. y235 Simplify. y5 Add 3 to both sides. Key Concept Slopes of Perpendicular Lines • If two nonvertical lines are perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is 21. • If the slopes of two lines have a product of 21, then the lines are perpendicular. • Any horizontal line and vertical line are perpendicular. Write T for true or F for false. 19. The second bullet in the Take Note is the contrapositive of the first bullet. Problem 3 Checking for Perpendicular Lines Got It? Line <3 contains A(2, 7) and B(3,21). Line <4 contains C(22, 6) and D(8, 7). Are <3 and <4 perpendicular? Explain. 21. Find the slopes and multiply them. m3 5 m4 5 m3 3 m4 5 22. Underline the correct words to complete the sentence. Lines /3 and /4 are / are not perpendicular because the product of their slopes does / does not equal 21. Chapter 3 88 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 20. The product of the slopes of any horizontal line and any vertical line is 21. Problem 4 Writing Equations of Perpendicular Lines Got It? What is an equation of the line perpendicular to y 5 23x 2 5 that contains (23, 7)? 23. Complete the reasoning model below. Write Think I can identify the slope, m1, of y 5 23x 2 5 is in point-slope form, so m1 5 the given line. . I know that the slope, m2, of because m2 is the perpendicular line is 3 5 21. the negative reciprocal of m1. I can use m2 and (23, 7) y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1) to write the equation of the perpendicular line in point-slope form. Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND? Error Analysis Your classmate tries to find an equation for a line parallel to y 5 3x 2 5 that contains (24, 2). What is your classmate’s error? 24. Parallel lines have the same / different slopes. 25. Show a correct solution in the box below. slope of given line 3 1 slope of parallel line 3 y y1 m(x x1) 1 y 2 (x 4) 3 Math Success Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. slope reciprocal parallel perpendicular Rate how well you understand perpendicular lines. Need to review 0 2 4 6 8 Now I get it! 10 89 Lesson 3-8 Name 3-8 Class Date Additional Problems Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Problem 1 10 8 6 4 2 Are the lines shown in the graph parallel? Explain. y (1, 3) (5, 4) O 2 4 6 8 10 x 108 6 4 2 2 (2, 2) 4 (3, 5) 6 8 10 Problem 2 What is an equation in slope-intercept form for the line parallel to y 5 4x 2 2 that contains (22, 22)? Problem 3 Are the lines shown in the graph perpendicular? Explain. 10 8 6 (2, 5) 4 2 (4, 1) y (2, 4) O 2 4 6 8 10 x 10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 41 (1, 4) Name 3-8 Class Date Additional Problems (continued) Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Problem 4 What is an equation in slope-intercept form for the line perpendicular to y 5 3x 1 2 that contains (6, 2)? Problem 5 What is an equation for a line perpendicular to the one shown that contains (5, 21)? 10 8 6 4 2 y (2, 3) O 2 4 6 8 10 x 108 6 4 2 2 4 6 (2, 7) 8 10 Prentice Hall Geometry • Additional Problems Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 42 Name Class Date Extra Practice Chapter 3 Lesson 3-1 Use the cube to name each of the following. 1. all lines that are parallel to 2. a pair of parallel planes 3. two lines that are skew to Identify all pairs of each type of angles in the diagram. Name the two lines and the transversal that form each pair. 4. corresponding angles 5. alternate interior angles 6. same-side interior angles 7. alternate exterior angles Lesson 3-2 Find m∠1 and m∠2. State the theorems or postulates that justify your answers. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Find the value of each variable. Then find the measure of each labeled angle. 14. 15. 16. Prentice Hall Geometry • Extra Practice Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 8 Name Class Date Extra Practice (continued) Chapter 3 17. Complete the proof. Given: l m, a b Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠5 Statements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Reasons 1. Given l m, a b ∠1 ≅ ∠2 a. __?__ b. __?__ ∠2 and ∠3 are supplementary. ∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary. ∠2 ∠1 ∠4 ∠1 ≅ ≅ ≅ ≅ c. __?__ d. __?__ ∠4 ∠4 ∠5 ∠5 e. __?__ f. __?__ g. __?__ Lesson 3-3 Refer to the diagram at the right. Use the given information to determine which lines, if any, must be parallel. If any lines are parallel, use a theorem or postulate to tell why. 18. ∠9 ≅ ∠14 19. ∠1 ≅ ∠9 20. ∠2 is supplementary to ∠3. 21. ∠7 ≅ ∠10 22. m∠6 = 60, m∠13 = 120 23. ∠4 ≅ ∠13 24. ∠3 is supplementary to ∠10. 25. ∠10 ≅ ∠15 26. ∠1 ≅ ∠8 Find the value of x for which a || b. 27. 28. 29. 30. Complete the flow proof below. Given: ∠1 is supplementary to ∠2 Prove: l m Prentice Hall Geometry • Extra Practice Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 9 Name Class Date Extra Practice (continued) Chapter 3 Lesson 3-4 31. Given: l m , a b , a ⊥ l Prove: b ⊥ m 32 Write a paragraph proof. Given: a b , a ⊥ l , b ⊥ m Prove: l m Lesson 3-5 33. Use the figure at the right. What is the relationship between and ? Justify your answer. Find m∠1. 34. 35. 36. Find the value of each variable. 37. 38. 39. Lesson 3-6 Use the segments for each construction. 40. Construct a square with side length 2a. 41. Construct a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides each of length 2b. 42. Construct a rectangle with sides b and a. Prentice Hall Geometry • Extra Practice Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 10 Name Class Date Extra Practice (continued) Chapter 3 Lesson 3-7 Use the given information to write an equation of each line. 43. slope −4, y-intercept 6 44. slope 7, passes through (1, −2) Write an equation in point-slope form of the line that contains the given points. 45. A(4, 2), B(6, −3) 46. C(−1, −1), D(1, 1) 47. F(3, −5), G(−5, 3) Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line through the given points. 48. M(−2, 4), N(5, −8) 49. P(0, 2), Q(6, 8) 50. K(5, 0), L(−5, 2) Lesson 3-8 Without graphing, tell whether the lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither. Explain. 51. y = 4 x − 8 52. 13 y − x = 7 y = 4x − 2 y 7− =x 2 54. 2x + 3y = 5 55. y = –2x + 7 5x – 10y = 30 53. y = −4 x + 2 3 4 y = x −1 3 56. 5x – 3y = 0 y= x – 2y = 8 5 x+2 3 Write an equation for the line parallel to the given line through the given point. 57. y = x − 7, (0, 4) 58. y = 1 x + 3, ( 6,3) 2 59. y = − 1 x, ( 5, −8) 5 Write an equation for the line perpendicular to the given line through the given point. 60. y = x + 2, (3, 2) 61. y = −2x, (4, 0) 62. y = 1 2 x − , (5, −1) 3 5 63. On a city map, Washington Street is straight and passes through points at (7, 13) and (1, 5). Wellington Street is straight and passes through points at (3, 24) and (9, 32). Do Washington Street and Wellington Street intersect? How do you know? Prentice Hall Geometry • Extra Practice Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 11