Download The Spread of Enlightenment

WARM UP: 1/15/2013
• Happy Tuesday!
• Video tomorrow
• Get to listen to some music…classical music!
• Looking at the spread of the enlgihtenment
• In your warm-up write:
• Where was the center of the Enlightenment?
• Name two basic beliefs of the philosophes.
• What were two accomplishments of women?
GOALS
• Identify how the Enlightenment spread
• Analyze the new architecture of the 17th century
• Listen to the classical music of the age
THE SPREAD OF THE
ENLIGHTENMENT
PARIS
• In the 1700s, Paris was
the intellectual capital
of Europe.
• People flocked there to
study, philosophize, and
enjoy fine culture.
• The brightest minds of
this era gathered there.
• From their circles spread
the ideas of the
Enlightenment.
THE PARIS SALONS
• Several wealthy women in
Paris held regular social
gatherings in their
mansions.
• These gatherings were
called ‘salons’.
• Philosophers, writers, artists,
scientists, and intellectuals
met to discuss ideas and
enjoy artistic
performances.
MARIE THERESE GEOFFRIN
• Madame Geoffrin was the most influential salon
hostess.
MADAME GEOFFRIN’S SALON 1755
ENCYCLOPEDIA
• Madame Geoffrin financed the first encyclopedia
to be made.
• Denis Diderot brought together all the most current
and enlightened thinking.
•
•
•
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Science
Technology
Art
government
• It was published in 1751.
• The modern day WIKIPEDIA!
DENIS DIDEROT
IDEAS CIRCULATE
• The salons and the encyclopedias Diderot
published helped spread the Enlightenment ideas
to educated people all over Europe.
• Intellectuals shared their ideas through books,
letters, visits, and magazines.
• “Never have new ideas had such rapid circulation
at such long distance.”
IDEAS REACH MIDDLE CLASS
• Newspapers, pamphlets,
and political songs.
• Enlightenment ideas of
government and equality
attracted the literate
middle class.
• They had money, but not
any political power.
• They bought a lot of books
about Enlightenment ideas,
which helped push the
movement forward.
ART AND LITERATURE
• The Enlightenment is also known as the “Age of
Reason”.
• The ideals of order and reason were reflected in the
arts.
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•
•
•
Music
Literature
Painting
Architecture
ARCHITECTURE
BAROQUE
• Grand ornate style from the 1600s and early 1700s.
• Monarchs built grand, elaborate palaces.
• Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the style
changed to Neoclassical.
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
NEOCLASSICAL (NEW CLASSIC)
• Emphasis on order and
balance.
• Artists and architects
worked in a simple,
elegant style that
borrowed ideas from
classical Greece and
Rome.
• In music, this period is
called classical.
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL MUSIC
• Franz Joseph Haydn
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Ludwig Van Beethoven
Haydn
Mozart
Beethoven
HAYDN
• Developed new musical forms.
• Sonata
• Symphony
MOZART
• Gifted child who began composing music at age 5.
• At age 12, he wrote his first opera.
• His operas set a new standard of elegance and
originality.
• The Marriage of Figaro
• Don Giovanni
• The Magic Flute
BEETHOVEN
• Wrote piano music, string
quartets, and stirring
symphonies
• Early works were in the
same classical style as
Mozart.
• Later works carried his
music into the Age of
Romanticism.
• Became deaf after
publishing 32 sonatas
ROYALTY
• The Enlightenment also swept through palaces and
royal courts.
• Many philosophers, including Voltaire, believed that
the best form of government was a monarchy in
which the ruler respected the people’s rights.
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
• Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and
made reforms that reflected Enlightenment beliefs.
• They were called Enlightened Despots.
• Despots means ‘Absolute Ruler’
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
• Supported the new ideas, but they had no
intention of giving up any power.
• They only had two desires.
• Make their country stronger
• Rule more effectively
• The foremost of Europe's Enlightened
despots
• Frederick II of Prussia
• Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria
• Catherine the Great of Russia
FREDERICK II
• King of Prussia 1740-1786
• “I must enlighten my people,
cultivate their manners and
morals, and make them as
happy as human beings can
be, or as happy as the means
at my disposal permits.”
• He committed himself to
making important reforms for
Prussia.
• Frederick II
FREDERICK’S REFORMS
• Religious freedoms
• Reduced
censorship
• Improved
education
• Abolished torture
• He did not end
serfdom because
he still needed
support of the
wealthy
landowners.
• Did not try to
change the social
order
JOSEPH II OF AUSTRIA
• Ruled Austria from
1780-1790
• Legal reforms
• Freedom of the press
• Freedom of worship
• Protestants, Orthodox
Christians, Jews
• Abolished serfdom
• Ordered peasants be
paid for their labor with
cash.
JOSEPH II
• Nobles resisted the
changes
• After his death, all
reforms were
undone.
CATHERINE THE GREAT
• Ruled Russia from 1762-1796.
• Formed a commission to make some reforms
towards religions toleration and abolishment
of torture, however, the commission never
accomplished their goals.
• Peasant uprising in 1773 convinced
Catherine that she needed support of her
nobles, so she granted them full power over
serfs.
• Serfs lost all freedom.
CATHERINE THE GREAT