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Geologic Region Type of Boundary Types of Plates Involved Geologic Features/ Processes Explanation of the Feature Formation Earthquakes Fault Lines The Pacific Plate (on the west) moves northwestward relative to the North American Plate (on the east), causing the fault to form. Volcanic Mountains (made mostly of granite) Earthquakes The subduction of the ancient Farallon plate underneath the North American plate caused the uplift of the Sierra Nevadas. Melting of the subducted plate led to the production of magma. Rift valley (Silfra Fissure) Volcanoes Earthquakes Hot springs Iceland originally formed due to a hotspot known as the “Iceland Plume”. The geologic features of Iceland continued to change as the North American and Eurasian Plate move apart from each other (about 2 cm per year). Continental-Continental San Andreas Fault Sierra Nevada Mountains Transform (North American and Pacific Plates) Oceanic-Continental Convergent (North American and Farallon Plates) Continental-Continental Iceland Himalayan Mountains Divergent Convergent (North American and Eurasian Plates) Continental-Continental (Eurasian and Indian Plates) Large folded mountains (like Mount Everest) Earthquakes Both are produced as the plates continue to smash into each other. The Himalayan Mountains were formed when the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian plate after the break-up of Pangaea. The process began around 10 million years ago and continues to this day. Geologic Region Type of Boundary Types of Plates Involved Geologic Features/ Processes Explanation of the Feature Formation Volcanic island arcs Earthquakes The Philippine Islands were formed due to the subduction of the denser oceanic Philippine Plate under the less dense continental Eurasian plate. Volcanic Island Arc Over 40 active volcanoes Earthquakes The Aleutian Islands were formed due to the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the North American Plate. The islands form part of the Ring of Fire. Deep sea trench Weak earthquakes Island arcs (away from the trench) The trench is formed due to the subduction of the older, denser Pacific Plate under the younger, less dense Mariana plate. As the plate is pulled under, a deep trench forms. Rift valleys Mid-ocean ridges (underwater mountain ranges) Spreading center volcanoes Bodies of water (oceans) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge was formed after the separation of the supercontinent Pangaea. New sea floor was create by magma rising from within the mantle at the rift valley. Oceanic-Continental Philippine Island Archipelago Convergent (Philippine/Pacific and Eurasian Plates) Oceanic-Continental Aleutian Islands Convergent (North American and Pacific Plates) Oceanic-Oceanic Marianas Trench Convergent (Pacific and Mariana Plate) Oceanic-Oceanic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Divergent (North American/South American and Eurasian/African) Oceanic Hawaiian Islands Hotspot (no boundary) (Pacific) Volcanic Islands Seamounts Stratovolcanoes The Hawaiian Islands were formed due to the movement of the Pacific Plate over a “hotspot”. A hotspot is magma from the mantle rising up through cracks in the lithosphere.
