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Hydrologic Cycle Cintia Bertacchi Uvo Lund University, Sweden Outline • • • • Water distribution in the World Water cycle Elements of water cycle Impacts – Human – Natural Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Water Distribution on Earth http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Water Distribution on Earth Atmosphere 0.001% Biomass Soil Moisture 0.009% Rivers and Lakes Glaciers, ice caps 2.04% Ground Water 0.615% Oceans 97.31% Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Water Cycle Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Water Cycle: Time scale Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Memory Water Cycle • http://geofreekz.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/hydrologic_cycle.gif Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Elements of Water Cycle • Water storage in oceans – Evaporation – Sublimation • Evapotranspiration • Water in the atmosphere • Condensation • Precipitation • Water storage in ice and snow • Surface runoff • Streamflow • Freshwater storage • Infiltration • Groundwater storage • Groundwater discharge • Springs – Snowmelt runoff to streams Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Hydrologic Cycle: Elements Precipitation P • • • • • • Evapotranspiration Surface storage (Lake) Infiltration Water storage Groundwater Runoff Precipitation Infiltration Evapotranspiration Percolation Surface runnoff Riverflow Q ΔG Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Groundwater discharge G Evapotranspiration • Temperature: Higher temperature → higher transpiration • Relative humidity: higher relative humidity → lower transpiration • Wind and air movement: Increased air movement → higher transpiration. • Soil-moisture availability: no moisture → less transpiration • Type of plant: Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Infiltration • Light rain – No runoff – Infiltration raises water table – Increase discharge Stream Water table Wat er Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering table Stream Groundwater • From Infiltration • Slow movement http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=7173 Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Water Storage • Deep groundwater – 46% fresh water – 54% saline • Aquifer http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/salt.html#fig2 http://earthy-moony.blogspot.com/2011/02/aquifers-andaquitards.html Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Water Storage: Aquifers Atlas of Hidden Water Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Water Storage: Ice and Snow • Ice and Snow – 90% Antarctica – ~10% Greenland Ice Cap http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3056/ Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Precipitation • Intensity – High intensity → runoff – Low intensity → infiltration • Duration – Soil saturation Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Precipitation • Stratified • Convective Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Runoff • Surface runoff is precipitation runoff over the landscape. – Affected by many factors: • Meteorological factors • Physical factors – – – – – – – Type of rain Rain intensity Rain amount Rain duration Rain distribution Previous precipitation … • Human factors – Land use – Urbanization – Vegetation – Soil type – Drainage area – Impervious surfaces – Reservoirs – … – Basin shape – Topography – Ponds, lakes – … Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Runoff http://geobytesgcse.blogspot.com Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Runoff Annual hydrograph and precipitation pattern for Turkey Lakes Research Sites, Canada http://www.canforhydro.org/CFH_RES_Site_TurkeyLakes.htm. Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Hydrologic Cycle: Balance Equation • Inflow = outflow ± change in storage • P = Q + G + AET ± ΔS ± ΔG Precipitation P Actual AET Evapotranspiration Surface storage (Lake) Infiltration Percolation Surface runnoff Riverflow Q ΔG Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Groundwater discharge G Hydrologic Cycle: More Elements Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering http://whatcom.wsu.edu Human impacts on the hydrologic cycle • • • • • Dams Irrigation Urbanization Water deviation Etc. etc. etc… Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Human Impacts: Dams • • • • Electricity production Flood control Irrigation Etc, etc, etc… • Increases evaporation • Increases infiltration Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Human Impacts: Dams Nile River at Aswan Lake Nasser 1960 Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering http://www.sciencephoto.com 1889 Nile river monthly discharge at Aswan Nile at Aswan 14000 Nile 12 per. Mov. Avg. (Nile) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering 1983 1980 1977 1974 1971 1968 1965 1962 1959 1956 1953 1950 1947 1944 1941 1938 1935 1932 1929 1926 1923 1920 1917 1914 1911 1908 1905 1902 1899 1896 1893 1890 1887 1884 1881 1878 1875 1872 1869 0 Human Impacts: Irrigation http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irsprayhigh.html http://acarainstitute.wordpress.com Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Wikipedia Human Impacts: Irrigation • How much of the increased water vapour due to irrigation returns to the river basin as precipitation? • How much is lost to other basins? • What is the impact of this increased evapotranspiration on the river basin's water balance? • What is the impact on the groundwater? Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Human Impacts: Urbanization http://www.oeconline.org/our-work/rivers/stormwater/stormwater%20report/impacts Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Human Impacts: Urbanization http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp? lang=En&n=72FDC156-1 Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Don’t want to talk about this (Ganges) http://shipbright.wordpress.com Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Human impact on the Runoff Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Aral Sea basin Syr Darya Amu Darya Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Aral Sea - change Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering What happened? Upstreams: More than 80 water reservoirs built (hydropower). Downstream: hundreds of large reservoirs and channels for irrigation Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering River Basin Space Scale • 106 km2 – Amazon 7 x 106 km2 • 102 km2 – Skarsvatn 86 km2 – Bulken 1094 km2 Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Mediterranean Drainage basin • http://www.planbleu.org Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Mediterranean Basin • http://en.tourduvalat.org Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Baltic Drainage basin http://www.rshu.ru Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Natural Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle • • • • Natural climate oscillations Temperature Precipitation Evapotranspiration • Changes in P = Q + G + AET ± ΔS ± ΔG Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Climate Variability • El Niño – Southern Oscillation • Pacific Decadal Oscillation • Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns – North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) – East Atlantic (EA) – East Atlantic/Western Russia – Scandinavia (SCAND) – Polar/Eurasia – West Pacific (WP) – East Pacific-North Pacific (EPNP) – Pacific/North American (PNA) – Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH) – Pacific Transition (PT) Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering NAO Positive phase Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering NAO Negative phase Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Euphrates River Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Vistula River Runoff 3000 NAO + 2500 NAO - [m3/s] 2000 1500 1000 500 0 J F M A M J J A S O Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/teledoc/scand_tmap.shtml Scandinavian Pattern (Scand) Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Scand: Po River Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Po River Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering ENSO: EN DJF JJA Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering ENSO: LN DJF JJA Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Upper Paraguay River Basin Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Upper Paraguay river basin Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering 0.6 SAM 0.4 0.2 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 -0.2 PDO Interaction PDO 2.5 -0.4 2 -0.6 1.5 • NINO3.4 – Sea surface temperature (ENSO) • Ladário – River level 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 -0.5 -1 NÃO NÃO -1.5 1.5 -2 -2.5 NAO 1 0.5 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 NÃO+PDO NÃO+PDO -0.5 3 -1 PDO+NAO 2 -1.5 1 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 -1 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Nino3.4 2000 Nino3.4 2.5 -2 2 -3 1.5 NINO 3.4 • SAM – Southern Annular Mode (Thompson and Solomon, 2002) • PDO – Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Mantua et al., 1997) • NAO – North Atlantic Oscillation (Hurrell et al., 2002) PDO 1 0.5 1 0.5 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 -0.5 -1 Ladario 500 -1.5 450 Ladario 400 Ladário -2 350 300 250 1900 1910 200 150 100 50 Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Conclusions • Atmosphere and hydrology are part of the same water cycle and should be considered as such. • Humans cause enormous impacts in the surface part of this cycle that consequently impacts atmospheric part of it and this impact is not really well known • The natural atmospheric oscillations strongly impacts the hydrology • It is very important to understand and consider the water cycle as a whole. Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering Thanks Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering