Download Hydrologic Cycle

Hydrologic Cycle
Cintia Bertacchi Uvo
Lund University, Sweden
Outline
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Water distribution in the World
Water cycle
Elements of water cycle
Impacts
–  Human
–  Natural
Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
Water Distribution on Earth
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html
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Water Distribution on Earth
Atmosphere 0.001%
Biomass
Soil Moisture
0.009%
Rivers and
Lakes
Glaciers, ice caps
2.04%
Ground Water 0.615%
Oceans
97.31%
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Water Cycle
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Water Cycle: Time scale
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Memory
Water Cycle
•  http://geofreekz.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/hydrologic_cycle.gif
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Elements of Water Cycle
•  Water storage in oceans
–  Evaporation
–  Sublimation
•  Evapotranspiration
•  Water in the atmosphere
•  Condensation
•  Precipitation
•  Water storage in ice and
snow
•  Surface runoff
•  Streamflow
•  Freshwater storage
•  Infiltration
•  Groundwater storage
•  Groundwater discharge
•  Springs
–  Snowmelt runoff to streams
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Hydrologic Cycle: Elements
Precipitation P
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Evapotranspiration
Surface
storage (Lake)
Infiltration
Water storage
Groundwater
Runoff
Precipitation
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Percolation
Surface
runnoff
Riverflow Q
ΔG
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Groundwater discharge G
Evapotranspiration
•  Temperature: Higher temperature → higher transpiration
•  Relative humidity: higher relative humidity → lower transpiration
•  Wind and air movement: Increased air movement → higher
transpiration.
•  Soil-moisture availability: no moisture → less transpiration
•  Type of plant:
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Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
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Infiltration
•  Light rain
–  No runoff
–  Infiltration raises water
table
–  Increase discharge
Stream
Water table
Wat
er
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table
Stream
Groundwater
•  From Infiltration
•  Slow movement
http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=7173
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Water Storage
•  Deep groundwater
–  46% fresh water
–  54% saline
•  Aquifer
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/salt.html#fig2
http://earthy-moony.blogspot.com/2011/02/aquifers-andaquitards.html
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Water Storage: Aquifers
Atlas of Hidden Water
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Water Storage: Ice and Snow
•  Ice and Snow
–  90% Antarctica
–  ~10% Greenland
Ice Cap
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3056/
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Precipitation
•  Intensity
–  High intensity → runoff
–  Low intensity → infiltration
•  Duration
–  Soil saturation
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Precipitation
•  Stratified
•  Convective
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Runoff
•  Surface runoff is precipitation runoff over the landscape.
–  Affected by many factors:
•  Meteorological factors •  Physical factors
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Type of rain
Rain intensity
Rain amount
Rain duration
Rain distribution
Previous precipitation
…
•  Human factors
–  Land use
–  Urbanization
–  Vegetation
–  Soil type
–  Drainage area
–  Impervious surfaces
–  Reservoirs
–  …
–  Basin shape
–  Topography
–  Ponds, lakes
–  …
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Runoff
http://geobytesgcse.blogspot.com
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Runoff
Annual hydrograph and precipitation
pattern for Turkey Lakes Research Sites,
Canada
http://www.canforhydro.org/CFH_RES_Site_TurkeyLakes.htm.
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Hydrologic Cycle: Balance Equation
•  Inflow = outflow ± change in storage
•  P = Q + G + AET ± ΔS ± ΔG
Precipitation P
Actual AET
Evapotranspiration
Surface
storage (Lake)
Infiltration
Percolation
Surface
runnoff
Riverflow Q
ΔG
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Groundwater discharge G
Hydrologic Cycle: More Elements
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http://whatcom.wsu.edu
Human impacts on the hydrologic cycle
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Dams
Irrigation
Urbanization
Water deviation
Etc. etc. etc…
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Human Impacts: Dams
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Electricity production
Flood control
Irrigation
Etc, etc, etc…
•  Increases evaporation
•  Increases infiltration
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Human Impacts: Dams
Nile River at Aswan
Lake Nasser
1960
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http://www.sciencephoto.com
1889
Nile river monthly discharge
at Aswan
Nile at Aswan
14000
Nile
12 per. Mov. Avg. (Nile)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
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1983
1980
1977
1974
1971
1968
1965
1962
1959
1956
1953
1950
1947
1944
1941
1938
1935
1932
1929
1926
1923
1920
1917
1914
1911
1908
1905
1902
1899
1896
1893
1890
1887
1884
1881
1878
1875
1872
1869
0
Human Impacts: Irrigation
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irsprayhigh.html
http://acarainstitute.wordpress.com
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Wikipedia
Human Impacts: Irrigation
•  How much of the increased water vapour due to irrigation returns
to the river basin as precipitation?
•  How much is lost to other basins?
•  What is the impact of this increased evapotranspiration on the
river basin's water balance?
•  What is the impact on the groundwater?
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Human Impacts: Urbanization
http://www.oeconline.org/our-work/rivers/stormwater/stormwater%20report/impacts
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Human Impacts: Urbanization
http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?
lang=En&n=72FDC156-1
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Don’t want to talk about this (Ganges)
http://shipbright.wordpress.com
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Human impact on the Runoff
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Aral Sea basin
Syr Darya
Amu Darya
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Aral Sea - change
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What happened?
Upstreams: More than 80 water reservoirs built (hydropower).
Downstream: hundreds of large reservoirs and channels for irrigation
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River Basin Space Scale
•  106 km2
–  Amazon 7 x 106 km2
•  102 km2
–  Skarsvatn 86 km2
–  Bulken 1094 km2
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Mediterranean Drainage basin
•  http://www.planbleu.org
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Mediterranean Basin
•  http://en.tourduvalat.org
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Baltic Drainage basin
http://www.rshu.ru
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Natural Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle
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Natural climate oscillations
Temperature
Precipitation
Evapotranspiration
•  Changes in P = Q + G + AET ± ΔS ± ΔG
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Climate Variability
•  El Niño – Southern Oscillation
•  Pacific Decadal Oscillation
•  Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns
–  North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO)
–  East Atlantic (EA)
–  East Atlantic/Western
Russia
–  Scandinavia (SCAND)
–  Polar/Eurasia
–  West Pacific (WP)
–  East Pacific-North Pacific (EPNP)
–  Pacific/North American (PNA)
–  Tropical/Northern Hemisphere
(TNH)
–  Pacific Transition (PT)
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NAO Positive phase
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NAO Negative phase
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Euphrates River
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Vistula River Runoff
3000
NAO +
2500
NAO -
[m3/s]
2000
1500
1000
500
0
J
F M A M J
J
A S
O
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http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/teledoc/scand_tmap.shtml
Scandinavian Pattern (Scand)
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Scand: Po River
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Po River
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ENSO: EN
DJF
JJA
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ENSO: LN
DJF
JJA
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Upper Paraguay River Basin
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Upper Paraguay
river basin
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0.6
SAM
0.4
0.2
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-0.2
PDO
Interaction
PDO
2.5
-0.4
2
-0.6
1.5
•  NINO3.4 – Sea surface
temperature (ENSO)
•  Ladário – River level
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-0.5
-1
NÃO
NÃO
-1.5
1.5
-2
-2.5
NAO
1
0.5
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
NÃO+PDO
NÃO+PDO
-0.5
3
-1
PDO+NAO
2
-1.5
1
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
-1
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Nino3.4
2000
Nino3.4
2.5
-2
2
-3
1.5
NINO 3.4
•  SAM – Southern Annular
Mode (Thompson and
Solomon, 2002)
•  PDO – Pacific Decadal
Oscillation (Mantua et al.,
1997)
•  NAO – North Atlantic
Oscillation (Hurrell et al.,
2002)
PDO
1
0.5
1
0.5
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-0.5
-1
Ladario
500
-1.5
450
Ladario
400
Ladário
-2
350
300
250
1900
1910
200
150
100
50
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0
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
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Conclusions
•  Atmosphere and hydrology are part of the same water cycle and
should be considered as such.
•  Humans cause enormous impacts in the surface part of this cycle
that consequently impacts atmospheric part of it and this impact
is not really well known
•  The natural atmospheric oscillations strongly impacts the
hydrology
•  It is very important to understand and consider the water cycle as
a whole.
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Thanks
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