Download Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and

ARTICLE IN PRESS
Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355
www.elsevier.com/locate/jspr
Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and Lauraceae
to three stored-product insects
V. Rozmana,, I. Kalinovica, Z. Korunicb
a
Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
b
Diatom Research and Consulting Inc., 14 Greenwich Dr., Guelph, Ont., Canada N1H 8B8
Accepted 18 September 2006
Abstract
The compounds 1,8-cineole, camphor, eugenol, linalool, carvacrol, thymol, borneol, bornyl acetate and linalyl acetate occur naturally
in the essential oils of the aromatic plants Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Laurus nobilis. These
compounds were evaluated for fumigant activity against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. The
insecticidal activities varied with insect species, compound and the exposure time. The most sensitive species was S. oryzae, followed by
Rhyzopertha dominica. Tribolium castaneum was highly tolerant of the tested compounds. 1,8-Cineole, borneol and thymol were highly
effective against S. oryzae when applied for 24 h at the lowest dose (0.1 ml/720 ml volume). For Rhyzopertha dominica camphor and
linalool were highly effective and produced 100% mortality in the same conditions. Against Tribolium castaneum no oil compounds
achieved more than 20% mortality after exposure for 24 h, even with the highest dose (100 ml/720 ml volume). However, after 7 days
exposure 1,8-cineole produced 92.5% mortality, followed by camphor (77.5%) and linalool (70.0%). These compounds may be suitable
as fumigants because of their high volatility, effectiveness, and their safety.
r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: 1; 8-cineole; Camphor; Eugenol; Linalool; Carvacrol; Thymol; Borneol; Bornyl acetate; Linalyl acetate; Fumigant toxicity; Sitophilus oryzae;
Rhyzopertha dominica; Tribolium castaneum; Wheat
1. Introduction
During the past few decades, application of synthetic
pesticides to control agricultural pests has been a standard
practice. However, with growing evidence that many
conventional pesticides can adversely affect the environment, requirements for safer means of pest management
have become crucial. Therefore, the use of safe, lowtoxicity botanical pesticides is now emerging as one of the
prime means to protect crops, their products and the
environment from pesticide pollution, a global problem
(Prakash and Rao, 1997). Generally, they should cause less
damage to human and environmental health than conventional insecticides. Many of them degrade rapidly and do
not accumulate in the body and environment while some
are very pest specific and do little or no damage to other
Corresponding author. Tel.: +385 31 224 244; fax: +385 31 207 017.
E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Rozman).
0022-474X/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2006.09.001
organisms. Botanicals with low human toxicity currently
available include rotenone and pyrethrum. Others now
available include neem, used as insect repellent, feeding
deterrent and growth regulator; eugenol, the component of
clover oil that is applied to cockroaches, ants, dust mites,
flies, wasp, spiders, crickets and fleas; and D-limonene
isolated from citrus oils and citrus fruit peel and used as a
contact insecticide against ants, roaches, fleas, silverfish
and palmetto bugs.
The insecticidal activity of a large number of essential
oils and other plant extracts has been assessed against
several major agricultural pests (Regnault-Roger et al.,
1993; Regnault-Roger and Hamraoui, 1993; Golob et al.,
1999; Weaver and Subramanyam, 2000; Kéita et al., 2001;
Lee et al., 2001; Andronikashvili, and Reichmuth, 2002;
Kalinovic et al., 2002; Papachristos and Stamopoulos,
2002; Kim et al., 2003; Park I.K. et al., 2003). Prakash and
Rao (1997) described 866 different plant species that
produce chemicals useful against insects and listed their
ARTICLE IN PRESS
350
V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355
256 biologically active chemical components. However, in
spite of the wide recognition that many plants possess
insecticidal properties, only a handful of pest control
products directly obtained from plants are presently in use
because the commercialization of new botanicals can be
hindered by a number of issues (Isman, 1997). Botanicals
used as insecticides presently constitute 1% of the world
insecticide market.
The focus over the last few years has been on the
determination of the insecticidal activity of isolated
chemical compounds from plant extracts in order to
find out the most biologically active chemical components (Regnault-Roger and Hamraoui, 1995; Clemente
et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2003; Park I.K.
et al., 2003; Park C. et al., 2003; Regnault-Roger et al.,
2004).
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the
fumigant activity of naturally occurring compounds 1,8cineole, camphor, eugenol, linalool, carvacrol, thymol,
borneol, bornyl acetate and linalyl acetate of the essential
oils of Lavandula angustifolia Chaix, Rosmarinus officinalis
L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Laurus nobilis L. against three
stored-product beetles. This paper describes for the first
time the fumigation activity of thymol, borneol, eugenol
and linalyl acetate against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and
eugenol, borneole, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, linalool and
linalyl acetate against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.).
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Essential oils, compounds, gas chromatography
The essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia (cultivar from
island Hvar, common name ‘‘budrika’’), Rosmarinus
officinalis (‘‘Miss Jessopp’s Upright’’ cultivar), Thymus
vulgaris (‘‘Argenteus’’ cultivar) and Laurus nobilis (‘‘Angustifolia’’ cultivar) were purchased from ‘‘Ireks aroma’’,
Zagreb, Croatia. Oils were analyzed by gas chromatography, using a ‘‘Perkin-Elmer’’ (USA) GC—type 8700, fitted
with a ‘‘Supelco’’ (USA) SP-2380 capillary column 30 m,
i.d. 0.32 mm, 0.20 mm film thickness. A similar method is
described by Andronikashvili and Reichmuth (2002) and
Regnault-Roger et al. (2004).
2.2. Chemicals (compounds)
The main compounds present in oils of the aromatic
plants (Table 1) were purchased from ‘‘Sigma-Aldrich’’
(Export Division Grünwalder Weg 30 D-82041 Deisenhofen, Germany) and ‘‘Fluka’’ (Industriestrasse 25, CH-9471
Buchs, SG Switzerland). These compounds were tested by
bioassay.
2.3. Insects
Cultures of the rice weevil—Sitophilus oryzae, the lesser
grain borer—Rhyzopertha dominica and the red flour
beetle—Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were collected from
granaries in the eastern part of Croatia. They were reared
in the laboratory to obtain the first generation (F1) for use
in bioassays. Adults used in the experiments were 1–3
weeks old and of mixed sex. Sitophilus oryzae and
Rhyzopertha dominica were reared on whole wheat grain
in glass containers containing 0.5 kg of clean wheat with
13% moisture content (m.c.) while Tribolium castaneum
was reared on a mixture of whole wheat flour and maize
flour at the ratio of 1:1 in glass containers containing 0.5 kg
of the mixture with 12% m.c. All species were reared at
2971 1C and 7075% relative humidity (r.h.) in darkness.
2.4. Fumigant activity
The method used to determine the fumigant activity of
tested compounds was based on that described by Prates et
al. (1998a). Four replicates of 10 adults of each of the three
test insect species were placed in silk mesh cages that were
put into separate glass jars of 720 ml capacity containing
250 g of wheat of 12% m.c. Nine compounds identified by
analyzing the essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia,
Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Laurus nobilis
and purchased from ‘‘Sigma’’, ‘‘Aldrich’’ and ‘‘Fluka’’
were tested at 5 dose rates (0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100 ml/720 ml
volume) and over exposure periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
days under controlled conditions (2971 1C, 7075% r.h.,
in darkness). The substances were applied with a ‘‘Hirschman’’ digital micropipette on to filter paper attached to the
lids of the glass containers, which were then tightly sealed.
Table 1
List of the compounds purchased from Sigma, Aldrich and Fluka
Compounds
1,8-cineole
Camphor
Eugenol
Linalool
Carvacrol
Thymol
Borneol
Bornyl acetate
Linalyl acetate
( ¼ eucalyptol)
(1R)-(+) camphor 99%
(2-methoxy-4-[2-prophenyl]phenol)
97% linalool
98% 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol
99.5% 5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol
87% borneol, 12% isoborneol
(-)-bornyl acetate, 97%
linalyl acetate 95%
EC number
Produced by
207-431-5
207-355-2
202-589-1
201-134-4
207-889-6
201-944-8
208-080-0
—
—
Sigma
Sigma
Sigma
Aldrich
Aldrich
Sigma
Sigma
Aldrich
Fluka
ARTICLE IN PRESS
V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355
All the samples for determination of fumigant activity were
observed daily over the exposure period of 1–7 days, or
until 100% mortality of the test insects, and compared to
the untreated control samples.
2.5. Statistical analysis
Mortality data were subjected to a multi-factorial
analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each day of the
exposure period according to the general linear model
(GLM). Significant differences were identified by least
significant difference (LSD) tests and entered in the tables.
Data processing was conducted by the SAS System for
Windows 98 and SPSS 11.0 for Windows.
3. Results
In general, fumigant activity for all compounds was
observed after the 24-h exposure, at the lowest dose level
of 0.1 ml/720 ml volume. Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha
dominica showed very high susceptibility to all compounds. 1,8-Cineole, borneol and thymol were highly
effective against S. oryzae, while for Rhyzopertha
dominica camphor and linalool were highly effective, these
oils giving 100% mortality at the lowest dose level.
In contrast, Tribolium castaneum was highly tolerant at
the lowest dose level, with only eugenol achieving
significantly higher mortality (12.5%) than the control
(Table 2).
Complete control was obtained after the 7-day exposure
at a dose of 1 ml/720 ml volume, or above with all
compounds for S. oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica, but
not for Tribolium castaneum (Tables 3–5). For S. oryzae
(Table 3), in addition to 1,8-cineole, borneol and thymol,
good results were obtained with eugenol, camphor, bornyl
acetate, carvacrol and linalyl acetate (100% mortality at
doses of 10 ml/720 ml volume or above after 24 h). Treatment with linalool was less effective against S. oryzae.
351
100% mortality was obtained with the highest dose of
100 ml/720 ml volume after 2 days exposure. After 7 days
exposure only with the lowest dose of linalyl acetate (0.1 ml/
720 ml volume) was there any survival of S. oryzae
(mortality 97.5%).
For Rhyzopertha dominica (Table 4), besides camphor
and linalool, eugenol, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, bornyl
acetate, borneol and thymol all gave complete control at
the dose rates of 1 ml/720 ml volume and above within 24 h.
For carvacrol, the highest doses (50 and 100 ml/720 ml
volume) were required for 100% mortality after 24 h. After
7-days exposure survival occurred only at the lowest
dose (0.1 ml/720 ml volume), mortality with carvacrol or
thymol being 82.5% and with eugenol, linalyl acetate and
borneol, 95%.
Fumigant efficacy tests of the compounds against
Tribolium castaneum showed very low susceptibility in
almost all treatments. After the 24 h exposure no oil
achieved more than 20% mortality even with 100 ml/720 ml
(Table 5). Most of the isolates achieved higher mortality as
the dose was increased to 100 ml/720 ml volume, and the
exposure lengthened to 7 days, especially 1,8-cineole
(92.5% mortality after 7 days) followed by linalool and
camphor (70.0–77.5% mortality after 7 days). The other six
compounds were less effective, causing up to 60%
mortality after 7 days exposure. Mortality in untreated
control samples was nil for all insect species, at the end of
the 7-day test period.
4. Discussion
In general, aromatic plants contain essential oils only in
concentrations of 1–3% w/w (C
- akir, 1992). Large quantities of plant material would need to be processed to gain
enough essential oil for commercial-scale tests. However,
certain compounds in the oils exhibit much stronger
activity than others. Plant varieties should be sought that
produce these compounds in larger quantities, or synthetic
Table 2
Toxicity of nine compounds against three test insect species exposed for 24 h
Compounds
Dose (0.1 ml/720 ml)
Eugenol
Linalyl acetate
1,8-cineole
Carvacrol
Camphor
Linalool
Bornyl acetate
Borneol
Thymol
Untreated
Mortality after 24 h (%)
Sitophilus oryzae
Rhyzopertha dominica
Tribolium castaneum
Mean7SE*
Mean7SE*
Mean7SE*
85.078.6ab
82.5711.8ab
100.070.0a
72.578.5b
85.076.4ab
85.076.4ab
85.078.6ab
100.070.0a
100.070.0a
0.070.0c
80.0712.2a
87.5712.5a
97.572.5a
82.5710.3a
100.070.0a
100.070.0a
92.574.78a
92.574.78a
77.5722.5a
0.070.0b
12.576.29a
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
0.070.0b
*Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355
352
Table 3
Fumigant activity of the compounds against Sitophilus oryzae
Exposure time
Dose (ml/720 ml)
% Mortality of Sitophilus oryzae*
Eugenol
b
Linalyl acetate
b
1,8 cineole
a
Carvacrol
b
Camphor
b
Linalool
b
Bornyl acetate
b
Borneol
a
Thymol
1 day
0.1
1
10
50
100
85.0
92.5ab
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
82.5
90.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
72.5
87.5b
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
85.0
95.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
85.0
87.5ab
90.0ab
97.5a
97.5a
85.0
95.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
2 days
0.1
1
10
50
100
90.0a
95.0a
—
—
—
82.5b
92.5ab
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
72.5b
92.5ab
—
—
—
87.5b
97.5a
—
—
—
87.5b
90.0ab
92.5ab
97.5ab
100.0a
90.0a
95.0a
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3 days
0.1
1
10
50
100.0a
100.0a
—
—
92.5a
97.5a
—
—
—
—
—
—
85.0b
97.5a
—
—
90.0a
100.0a
—
—
90.0a
95.0a
95.0a
100.0a
97.5a
100.0a
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4 days
0.1
1
10
—
—
—
95.0a
100.0a
—
—
—
—
92.5a
100.0a
—
95.0a
—
—
95.0a
97.5a
97.5a
97.5a
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5 days
0.1
1
10
—
—
—
95.0a
—
—
—
—
—
97.5a
—
—
97.5a
—
—
97.5a
97.5a
97.5a
97.5a
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6 days
0.1
1
10
—
—
—
97.5a
—
—
—
—
—
100.0a
—
—
100.0a
—
—
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7 days
0.1
1
—
—
97.5a
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
*Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test.
— ¼ 100% kill already recorded.
production methods should be explored as an option to
gain enough material for full-scale use.
Positive results for contact and fumigant activity of
monoterpenes were obtained against S. oryzae. Shaaya et
al. (1991) and Weaver et al. (1994) have demonstrated the
susceptibility of rice weevil to terpenoids and determined
camphor, 1,8-cineole and carvacrol as compounds showing
fumigant toxicity. Prates et al. (1998b) found terpenoids to
be effective for rice weevil control by isolating 1,8-cineole
and limonene from Brazilian flora. They reported that
these compounds had lethal effects on rice weevil caused by
their influence on the respiratory and digestive systems. Lee
et al. (2001) showed that menthone, limonene and linalool
isolated from Mentha arvensis L. had toxic activity against
rice weevil. Lee et al. (2003) showed that the plant
monoterpenes cineole, fenchrone and pulegone in preliminary fumigant analyses successfully controlled the pest,
and recommended these monoterpenes as suitable fumigants because of their high volatility, fumigant efficacy and
safety. Apart from these monoterpenes, bornyl acetate,
limonene, mircen, felandren, pinen, sabinen and terpinen
isolated from Korean native plants showed very good
repellent activity (Park I.K. et al., 2003; Park C. et al.,
2003).
We extended the range of active oil substances of
aromatic plants tested by four more compounds (thymol,
borneol, eugenol and linalyl acetate) in the control of
S. oryzae, all of which proved capable of achieving
complete control within 24 h at doses ranging from 0.1 to
10 ml/720 ml.
Singh and Upadhyay (1993) showed that Rhyzopertha
dominica was susceptible to plant extracts, particularly to
the essential oil extracted from rhizomes of Acorus calamus
L. Xu et al. (1994) tested the toxicity of estragol isolated
from the essential oil of Clausena dunniana L. and Dunkel
and Sears (1998) determined toxicity of essential oil vapors
from Artemisia tridenata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.)
against Rhyzopertha dominica. By gas chromatography
Dunkel and Sears (1998) isolated 1,8-cineole and camphor
as the major agents of toxicity. Shaaya et al. (1991) and
Prates et al. (1998a) obtained similar results by evaluating
essential oil compounds from Eucalyptus spp., isolating
1,8-cineole and limonene as the principal compounds with
insecticidal activity. These authors proved there was
contact toxicity through the insect cuticle, and fumigant
toxicity through the respiratory and digestive systems.
Azadirachtin proved effective even against multi-resistant
strains of Rhyzopertha dominica by inhibiting the growth of
ARTICLE IN PRESS
V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355
353
Table 4
Fumigant activity of the compounds against Rhyzopertha dominica
Exposure time
Dose (ml/720 ml)
% Mortality of Rhyzopertha dominica*
Eugenol
b
Linalyl acetate
ab
1,8 cineole
a
Carvacrol
b
Camphor
a
Linalool
a
Bornyl acetate
Borneol
b
b
Thymol
1 day
0.1
1
10
50
100
80.0
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
87.5
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
97.5
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
82.5
87.5ab
87.5ab
100.0a
100.0a
100.0
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
92.5
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
92.5
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
77.5b
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
100.0a
2 days
0.1
1
10
82.5b
—
—
90.0a
—
—
97.5a
—
—
82.5b
87.5ab
100.0a
—
—
—
—
—
—
92.5b
—
—
92.5b
—
—
77.5b
—
—
3 days
0.1
1
85.0b
—
90.0a
—
97.5a
—
82.5b
92.5ab
—
—
—
—
92.5b
—
92.5b
—
77.5b
—
4 days
0.1
1
85.0b
—
95.0a
—
100.0a
—
82.5b
100.0a
—
—
—
—
97.5a
—
95.0b
—
80.0b
—
5 days
0.1
1
90.0a
—
95.0a
—
—
—
82.5b
—
—
—
—
—
97.5a
—
95.0b
—
80.0b
—
6 days
0.1
95.0a
95.0a
—
82.5b
—
—
97.5a
95.0b
80.0b
7 days
0.1
95.0a
95.0a
—
82.5b
—
—
100.0a
95.0b
82.5b
*Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test.
— ¼ 100% kill already recorded.
subsequent generations (Rahim, 1998). Suya et al. (1998)
showed the fumigant activity of thymol against Rhyzopertha dominica after its isolation from the essential oil of
Elsholtzia spp.
We extended the range of active oil substances of
aromatic plants tested against Rhyzopertha dominica by
six more compounds: eugenol, borneol, bornyl acetate,
carvacrol, linalool and linalyl acetate, which, with the
exception of carvacrol, achieved complete control within
24 h at a dose of 1 ml/720 ml.
In our results, Tribolium castaneum was highly resistant
to the essential oils tested. Only 1,8-cineole applied at the
highest concentration (100 ml/720 ml volume) showed
acceptable efficacy against Tribolium castaneum after 7
days exposure. Prates et al. (1998a) assessed 1,8-cineole and
limonene, monoterpenes from Eucaliptus and Citrus spp.
against Tribolium castaneum and found that although
limonene was more effective than 1,8-cineole, neither
compound showed a high level of efficacy. Qiantai and
Yongcheng (1998) assessed the contact efficacy of camphor
as the major isolate from essential oils of Cinnamomum
cassia Blume, Illicium verum Hook.f. and Cinnamomum
camphora (L.), against Rhyzopertha dominica, S. zeamais
and Tribolium castaneum, and found camphor effective
against S. zeamais and Rhyzopertha dominica, whereas the
isolate against Tribolium castaneum showed repellent, but
not insecticidal activity. Xiaoqing et al. (1998) suggested
that the pest could be controlled by compounds from
Citrus spp. (particularly limonene) after evaluating seven
plant extracts for contact, repellent and fumigant efficacy.
Clemente et al. (2000) obtained positive results by treating
Tribolium castaneum with the essential oil of Lavandula
spica L. that contained 40% of 1,8-cineole. The laboratory
studies of Lee et al. (2003) proved that Tribolium castaneum
could be controlled by 1,8-cineole, 1-fechone and pulegone,
but only at the highest doses.
The results of our study are mostly in the agreement with
the results of other investigators. By comparing the
fumigant activities of nine essential oil compounds against
the three insect species, 1,8-cineole was arguably the most
effective, followed by camphor and linalool.
5. Conclusions
The results of fumigant activity of some compounds
from laurel, lavender, rosemary and thyme essential oils
against S. oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium
castaneum, serious pests of Croatian silos and storages,
identified some possible alternatives for fumigants currently in use.
If the problem of cost-effective commercial production
can be solved, some of the compounds tested could find a
place in IPM strategies, especially where the emphasis is on
environmental and food safety and on replacing the more
dangerous and toxic fumigants and insecticides.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to ‘‘Saponia’’ Osijek for GC analyses
and also thank ‘‘Ireks Aroma’’ for their assistance in
providing the necessary Dalmatian essential oil extracts.
We thank Dr. Paul Fields of Cereal Research Centre,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355
354
Table 5
Fumigant activity of the compounds against Tribolium castaneum
Exposure time
Dose (ml/720 ml)
% Mortality of Tribolium castaneum*
Eugenol
b
Linalyl acetate
b
1,8 cineole
b
Carvacrol
Camphor
Linalool
b
b
b
Bornyl acetate
a
Borneol
a
Thymol
1 day
0.1
1
10
50
100
12.5
12.5b
13.0b
13.0b
17.5a
0.0
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
12.5a
0.0
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
17.5a
0.0
7.5ab
12.5ab
15.0ab
20.0a
0.0
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
12.5a
0.0
0.0b
2.5b
2.5b
12.5a
0.0
0.0a
0.0a
2.5a
5.0a
0.0
0.0a
0.0a
0.0a
0.0a
0.0a
0.0a
0.0a
2.5a
5.0a
2 days
0.1
1
10
50
100
12.5b
12.5b
13.0b
13.0b
20.0a
0.0c
0.0c
7.5abc
10.0ab
12.5a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
5.0b
27.5a
5.0b
12.5ab
17.5ab
20.0a
20.0a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
5.0ab
12.5a
0.0b
0.0b
5.0b
5.0b
25.0a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
17.5a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
15.0a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
2.5ab
7.5a
3 days
0.1
1
10
50
100
12.5b
17.5ab
17.5ab
22.5ab
25.0a
0.0b
12.5ab
12.5ab
15.0ab
17.5a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
5.0b
37.5a
5.0b
12.5ab
20.0ab
25.0a
25.0a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
5.0b
25.0a
0.0b
2.5b
5.0b
5.0b
32.5a
0.0b
2.5b
2.5b
5.0b
17.5a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
15.0a
0.0b
0.0b
0.0b
5.0ab
7.5ab
4 days
0.1
1
10
50
100
15.0b
20.0ab
20.0ab
25.0a
27.5a
0.0b
12.5ab
12.5ab
22.5a
30.0a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
10.0b
42.5a
5.0b
17.5ab
25.0a
27.5a
30.0a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
10.0b
40.0a
0.0b
5.0b
5.0b
7.5b
52.5a
2.5b
2.5b
7.5b
7.5b
32.5a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
7.5b
20.0a
0.0c
0.0c
0.0c
12.5b
22.5a
5 days
0.1
1
10
50
100
17.5b
25.0ab
25.0ab
35.0a
37.5a
0.0b
12.5ab
22.5a
25.0a
30.0a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
10.0b
50.0a
7.5c
17.5b
25.0ab
32.5a
37.5a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
10.0b
45.0a
0.0b
5.0b
5.0b
7.5b
57.5a
5.0b
7.5b
7.5b
15.0b
40.0a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
7.5b
25.0a
0.0c
0.0c
0.0c
12.5b
35.0a
6 days
0.1
1
10
50
100
20.0b
30.0ab
30.0ab
45.0a
50.0a
0.0b
17.5ab
27.5a
30.0a
30.0a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
10.0b
57.5a
7.5c
22.5b
30.0ab
40.0a
50.0a
0.0b
0.0b
5.0b
10.0b
57.5a
0.0b
5.0b
5.0b
7.5b
72.5a
5.0b
7.5b
10.0b
20.0b
52.5a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
7.5b
30.0a
0.0c
0.0c
0.0c
12.5b
40.0a
7 days
0.1
1
10
50
100
20.0b
30.0ab
30.0ab
52.5a
57.5a
0.0b
17.5ab
27.5a
30.0a
37.5a
0.0c
0.0c
2.5c
12.5b
92.5a
7.5c
27.5b
30.0ab
47.5a
55.0a
0.0c
0.0c
5.0bc
10.0b
70.0a
0.0b
5.0b
7.5b
7.5b
77.5a
5.0b
7.5b
10.0b
20.0b
57.5a
0.0b
0.0b
2.5b
7.5b
30.0a
0.0c
0.0c
0.0c
12.5b
50.0a
*Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test.
Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada, for critically reviewing the manuscript.
References
Andronikashvili, M., Reichmuth, Ch., 2002. Repellency and toxicity of
essential oils from Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) and Laurus
nobilis (Lauraceae) from Georgia against the rust-red flour beetle
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In: Credland, P.F., Armitage, D.M., Bell, C.H., Cogan, P.M., Highley, E.
(Eds.), Advances in Stored Products Protection, Proceedings of the
Eighth International Working Conference of Stored Product Protection, 22–26 July 2002, York, UK. CAB International, Wallingford,
Oxon, pp. 749–762.
C
- akir, C., 1992. Investigations on the fungitoxic potentials of some plants
occurring in Antalya. M.Sc. Thesis, Akdeniz University, Antalya (in
Turkish).
Clemente, S., Broussalis, A., Martino, V., Ferraro, G., Mareggiani, G.,
2000. Identification of a chemical fraction from aromatic herbs with
insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In: Abstracts of the XXI International Congress of
Entomology, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil, p. 331.
Dunkel, F.V., Sears, L.J., 1998. Fumigant properties of physical
preparations from mountain big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata Nutt.
spp. vaseyana (Rydb.) beetle for stored grain insects. Journal of Stored
Products Research 34, 307–321.
Golob, P., Dales, M., Fidgen, A., Evans, J., Gudrups, I., 1999. The use of
spices and medicinals as bioactive protectants for grains. FAO
Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 137, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
Rome, Italy /http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2230e/x2230e00.htmS.
Huang, Y., Ho, S.H., Lee, H.C., Yap, Y.L., 2002. Insecticidal properties
of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and their effect on nutrition
of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal
of Stored Products Research 38, 403–412.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355
Isman, M.B., 1997. Neem and other botanical insecticides barriers to
commercialization. Phytoparasitica 25, 339–344.
Kalinovic, I., Rozman, V., Guberac, V., Maric, S., 2002. Insecticidal
activity of some aromatic plants from Croatia against lesser grain
borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.) on stored wheat. In: Credland, P.F.,
Armitage, D.M., Bell, C.H., Cogan, P.M., Highley, E. (Eds.),
Advances in Stored Products Protection, Proceedings of the Eighth
International Working Conference of Stored Product Protection,
22–26 July 2002, York, UK. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon,
pp. 768–775.
Kéita, S.M., Vincent, C., Schmit, J.P., Arnason, J.T., Bélanger, A., 2001.
Efficacy of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. gratissimum L.
applied as an insecticidal fumigant and powder to control Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored
Products Research 37, 339–349.
Kim, S.I., Park, C., Ohh, M.H., Cho, H.C., Ahn, Y.J., 2003. Contact and
fumigant activities of aromatic plants extracts and essential oils against
Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Journal of Stored
Products Research 39, 11–19.
Lee, S.E., Lee, B.H., Choi, W.S., Park, B.S., Kim, J.G., Campbell, B.C.,
2001. Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean
spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae
(L.). Pest Management Science 57, 548–553.
Lee, S.E., Peterson, C.J., Coats, J.R., 2003. Fumigation toxicity of
monoterpenoids to several stored product insects. Journal of Stored
Products Research 39, 77–85.
Papachristos, D.P., Stamopoulos, D.C., 2002. Repellent, toxic and
reproduction inhibitory effects of essential oil vapours on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored
Products Research 38, 117–128.
Park, C., Kim, S.I., Ahn, Y.J., 2003. Insecticidal activity of asarones
identified in Acorus gramineus rhizome against three coleopteran
stored product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research 39,
333–342.
Park, I.K., Lee, S.G., Choi, D.H., Park, J.D., Ahn, Y.J., 2003. Insecticidal
activities of constituents identified in the essential oil from leaves of
Chamaecyparis obtusa against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and
Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Journal of Stored Products Research 39,
375–384.
Prakash, A., Rao, J., 1997. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. CRC
Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Bld, N.W., Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Prates, H.T., Santos, J.P., Waquil, J.M., Fabris, J.D., Oliveira, A.B.,
Foster, J.E., 1998a. Insecticidal activity of monoterpenes against
Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Journal
of Stored Products Research 34, 243–249.
Prates, H.T., Santos, J.P., Waquil, J.M., Fabris, J.D., Oliveira, A.B.,
1998b. The potential use of plant substances extracted from Brazilian
flora to control stored grain pest. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L., Yongsheng,
L., Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh
International Conference on Stored-product Protection, 14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House of Science
and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 820–825.
Qiantai, L., Yongcheng, S., 1998. Studies on effect of several plant
materials against stored grain insects. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L.,
Yongsheng, L., Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of
355
the Seventh International Conference on Stored-product Protection,
14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House
of Science and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 836–844.
Rahim, M., 1998. Biological activity of azadirachtin-enriched neem
kernel extracts against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera:
Bostrichidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research
34, 123–128.
Regnault-Roger, C., Hamraoui, A., 1993. Efficiency of plants from the
south of France used as traditional protectants of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
against its bruchid Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored
Products Research 29, 259–264.
Regnault-Roger, C., Hamraoui, A., 1995. Fumigant toxic activity and
reproductive inhibition induced by monoterpenes on Acanthoscelides
obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera), a bruchid of kidney bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.). Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 291–299.
Regnault-Roger, C., Hamraoui, A., Holeman, M., Theron, E., Pinel, R.,
1993. Insecticidal effect of essential oils from Mediterranean plants
upon A. obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) a pest of kidney bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology 19, 1231–1242.
Regnault-Roger, C., Ribodeau, M., Hamraoui, A., Bareau, I., Blanchard,
P., Gil-Munoz, M.I., Barberan, F.T., 2004. Polyphenolic compounds
of Mediterranean Lamiaceae and investigation of orientational effects
on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored Products
Research 40, 395–408.
Shaaya, E., Ravid, U., Paster, N., Juven, B., Zisman, U., Pissarev, V.,
1991. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against four major storedproduct insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, 499–504.
Singh, G., Upadhyay, R.K., 1993. Essential oils—a potent source of
natural pesticides. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 52,
676–683.
Suya, W., Yongjia, J., Chunming, L., Yingjie, Z., 1998. Studies of
population reproductive inhibiting effect on volatile oil from Elsholtiza
sp. against stored-product insects. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L., Yongsheng,
L., Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh
International Conference on Stored-product Protection, 14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House of Science
and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 858–865.
Weaver, D.K., Subramanyam, B., 2000. Botanicals. In: Subramanyam, B.,
Hagstrum, D.W. (Eds.), Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product
IPM. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 303–320.
Weaver, D.K., Dunkel, F.V., Potter, R.C., Ntezurubanza, L., 1994.
Contact and fumigant efficacy of powdered and intact Ocimum canum
Sims (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman)
adults (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research
30, 243–252.
Xiaoqing, W., Wufeng, J., Wenbin, M., 1998. Studies on inhibitory
impacts of seven botanical extract on population formation of
Tribolium castaneum. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L., Yongsheng, L.,
Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh
International Conference on Stored-product Protection, 14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House of Science
and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 866–869.
Xu, H.H., Zhao, S.H., Zhu, L.F., Lu, B.Y., 1994. Studies on insecticidal
activity of the essential oil from Clausena dunniana and its toxic
component. Journal of South China Agricultural University 15, 56–60.