Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and
Document related concepts
Transcript
ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355 www.elsevier.com/locate/jspr Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and Lauraceae to three stored-product insects V. Rozmana,, I. Kalinovica, Z. Korunicb a Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia b Diatom Research and Consulting Inc., 14 Greenwich Dr., Guelph, Ont., Canada N1H 8B8 Accepted 18 September 2006 Abstract The compounds 1,8-cineole, camphor, eugenol, linalool, carvacrol, thymol, borneol, bornyl acetate and linalyl acetate occur naturally in the essential oils of the aromatic plants Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Laurus nobilis. These compounds were evaluated for fumigant activity against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. The insecticidal activities varied with insect species, compound and the exposure time. The most sensitive species was S. oryzae, followed by Rhyzopertha dominica. Tribolium castaneum was highly tolerant of the tested compounds. 1,8-Cineole, borneol and thymol were highly effective against S. oryzae when applied for 24 h at the lowest dose (0.1 ml/720 ml volume). For Rhyzopertha dominica camphor and linalool were highly effective and produced 100% mortality in the same conditions. Against Tribolium castaneum no oil compounds achieved more than 20% mortality after exposure for 24 h, even with the highest dose (100 ml/720 ml volume). However, after 7 days exposure 1,8-cineole produced 92.5% mortality, followed by camphor (77.5%) and linalool (70.0%). These compounds may be suitable as fumigants because of their high volatility, effectiveness, and their safety. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: 1; 8-cineole; Camphor; Eugenol; Linalool; Carvacrol; Thymol; Borneol; Bornyl acetate; Linalyl acetate; Fumigant toxicity; Sitophilus oryzae; Rhyzopertha dominica; Tribolium castaneum; Wheat 1. Introduction During the past few decades, application of synthetic pesticides to control agricultural pests has been a standard practice. However, with growing evidence that many conventional pesticides can adversely affect the environment, requirements for safer means of pest management have become crucial. Therefore, the use of safe, lowtoxicity botanical pesticides is now emerging as one of the prime means to protect crops, their products and the environment from pesticide pollution, a global problem (Prakash and Rao, 1997). Generally, they should cause less damage to human and environmental health than conventional insecticides. Many of them degrade rapidly and do not accumulate in the body and environment while some are very pest specific and do little or no damage to other Corresponding author. Tel.: +385 31 224 244; fax: +385 31 207 017. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Rozman). 0022-474X/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2006.09.001 organisms. Botanicals with low human toxicity currently available include rotenone and pyrethrum. Others now available include neem, used as insect repellent, feeding deterrent and growth regulator; eugenol, the component of clover oil that is applied to cockroaches, ants, dust mites, flies, wasp, spiders, crickets and fleas; and D-limonene isolated from citrus oils and citrus fruit peel and used as a contact insecticide against ants, roaches, fleas, silverfish and palmetto bugs. The insecticidal activity of a large number of essential oils and other plant extracts has been assessed against several major agricultural pests (Regnault-Roger et al., 1993; Regnault-Roger and Hamraoui, 1993; Golob et al., 1999; Weaver and Subramanyam, 2000; Kéita et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2001; Andronikashvili, and Reichmuth, 2002; Kalinovic et al., 2002; Papachristos and Stamopoulos, 2002; Kim et al., 2003; Park I.K. et al., 2003). Prakash and Rao (1997) described 866 different plant species that produce chemicals useful against insects and listed their ARTICLE IN PRESS 350 V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355 256 biologically active chemical components. However, in spite of the wide recognition that many plants possess insecticidal properties, only a handful of pest control products directly obtained from plants are presently in use because the commercialization of new botanicals can be hindered by a number of issues (Isman, 1997). Botanicals used as insecticides presently constitute 1% of the world insecticide market. The focus over the last few years has been on the determination of the insecticidal activity of isolated chemical compounds from plant extracts in order to find out the most biologically active chemical components (Regnault-Roger and Hamraoui, 1995; Clemente et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2003; Park I.K. et al., 2003; Park C. et al., 2003; Regnault-Roger et al., 2004). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the fumigant activity of naturally occurring compounds 1,8cineole, camphor, eugenol, linalool, carvacrol, thymol, borneol, bornyl acetate and linalyl acetate of the essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia Chaix, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Laurus nobilis L. against three stored-product beetles. This paper describes for the first time the fumigation activity of thymol, borneol, eugenol and linalyl acetate against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and eugenol, borneole, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, linalool and linalyl acetate against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Essential oils, compounds, gas chromatography The essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia (cultivar from island Hvar, common name ‘‘budrika’’), Rosmarinus officinalis (‘‘Miss Jessopp’s Upright’’ cultivar), Thymus vulgaris (‘‘Argenteus’’ cultivar) and Laurus nobilis (‘‘Angustifolia’’ cultivar) were purchased from ‘‘Ireks aroma’’, Zagreb, Croatia. Oils were analyzed by gas chromatography, using a ‘‘Perkin-Elmer’’ (USA) GC—type 8700, fitted with a ‘‘Supelco’’ (USA) SP-2380 capillary column 30 m, i.d. 0.32 mm, 0.20 mm film thickness. A similar method is described by Andronikashvili and Reichmuth (2002) and Regnault-Roger et al. (2004). 2.2. Chemicals (compounds) The main compounds present in oils of the aromatic plants (Table 1) were purchased from ‘‘Sigma-Aldrich’’ (Export Division Grünwalder Weg 30 D-82041 Deisenhofen, Germany) and ‘‘Fluka’’ (Industriestrasse 25, CH-9471 Buchs, SG Switzerland). These compounds were tested by bioassay. 2.3. Insects Cultures of the rice weevil—Sitophilus oryzae, the lesser grain borer—Rhyzopertha dominica and the red flour beetle—Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were collected from granaries in the eastern part of Croatia. They were reared in the laboratory to obtain the first generation (F1) for use in bioassays. Adults used in the experiments were 1–3 weeks old and of mixed sex. Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica were reared on whole wheat grain in glass containers containing 0.5 kg of clean wheat with 13% moisture content (m.c.) while Tribolium castaneum was reared on a mixture of whole wheat flour and maize flour at the ratio of 1:1 in glass containers containing 0.5 kg of the mixture with 12% m.c. All species were reared at 2971 1C and 7075% relative humidity (r.h.) in darkness. 2.4. Fumigant activity The method used to determine the fumigant activity of tested compounds was based on that described by Prates et al. (1998a). Four replicates of 10 adults of each of the three test insect species were placed in silk mesh cages that were put into separate glass jars of 720 ml capacity containing 250 g of wheat of 12% m.c. Nine compounds identified by analyzing the essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris and Laurus nobilis and purchased from ‘‘Sigma’’, ‘‘Aldrich’’ and ‘‘Fluka’’ were tested at 5 dose rates (0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100 ml/720 ml volume) and over exposure periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days under controlled conditions (2971 1C, 7075% r.h., in darkness). The substances were applied with a ‘‘Hirschman’’ digital micropipette on to filter paper attached to the lids of the glass containers, which were then tightly sealed. Table 1 List of the compounds purchased from Sigma, Aldrich and Fluka Compounds 1,8-cineole Camphor Eugenol Linalool Carvacrol Thymol Borneol Bornyl acetate Linalyl acetate ( ¼ eucalyptol) (1R)-(+) camphor 99% (2-methoxy-4-[2-prophenyl]phenol) 97% linalool 98% 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol 99.5% 5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol 87% borneol, 12% isoborneol (-)-bornyl acetate, 97% linalyl acetate 95% EC number Produced by 207-431-5 207-355-2 202-589-1 201-134-4 207-889-6 201-944-8 208-080-0 — — Sigma Sigma Sigma Aldrich Aldrich Sigma Sigma Aldrich Fluka ARTICLE IN PRESS V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355 All the samples for determination of fumigant activity were observed daily over the exposure period of 1–7 days, or until 100% mortality of the test insects, and compared to the untreated control samples. 2.5. Statistical analysis Mortality data were subjected to a multi-factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each day of the exposure period according to the general linear model (GLM). Significant differences were identified by least significant difference (LSD) tests and entered in the tables. Data processing was conducted by the SAS System for Windows 98 and SPSS 11.0 for Windows. 3. Results In general, fumigant activity for all compounds was observed after the 24-h exposure, at the lowest dose level of 0.1 ml/720 ml volume. Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica showed very high susceptibility to all compounds. 1,8-Cineole, borneol and thymol were highly effective against S. oryzae, while for Rhyzopertha dominica camphor and linalool were highly effective, these oils giving 100% mortality at the lowest dose level. In contrast, Tribolium castaneum was highly tolerant at the lowest dose level, with only eugenol achieving significantly higher mortality (12.5%) than the control (Table 2). Complete control was obtained after the 7-day exposure at a dose of 1 ml/720 ml volume, or above with all compounds for S. oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica, but not for Tribolium castaneum (Tables 3–5). For S. oryzae (Table 3), in addition to 1,8-cineole, borneol and thymol, good results were obtained with eugenol, camphor, bornyl acetate, carvacrol and linalyl acetate (100% mortality at doses of 10 ml/720 ml volume or above after 24 h). Treatment with linalool was less effective against S. oryzae. 351 100% mortality was obtained with the highest dose of 100 ml/720 ml volume after 2 days exposure. After 7 days exposure only with the lowest dose of linalyl acetate (0.1 ml/ 720 ml volume) was there any survival of S. oryzae (mortality 97.5%). For Rhyzopertha dominica (Table 4), besides camphor and linalool, eugenol, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, bornyl acetate, borneol and thymol all gave complete control at the dose rates of 1 ml/720 ml volume and above within 24 h. For carvacrol, the highest doses (50 and 100 ml/720 ml volume) were required for 100% mortality after 24 h. After 7-days exposure survival occurred only at the lowest dose (0.1 ml/720 ml volume), mortality with carvacrol or thymol being 82.5% and with eugenol, linalyl acetate and borneol, 95%. Fumigant efficacy tests of the compounds against Tribolium castaneum showed very low susceptibility in almost all treatments. After the 24 h exposure no oil achieved more than 20% mortality even with 100 ml/720 ml (Table 5). Most of the isolates achieved higher mortality as the dose was increased to 100 ml/720 ml volume, and the exposure lengthened to 7 days, especially 1,8-cineole (92.5% mortality after 7 days) followed by linalool and camphor (70.0–77.5% mortality after 7 days). The other six compounds were less effective, causing up to 60% mortality after 7 days exposure. Mortality in untreated control samples was nil for all insect species, at the end of the 7-day test period. 4. Discussion In general, aromatic plants contain essential oils only in concentrations of 1–3% w/w (C - akir, 1992). Large quantities of plant material would need to be processed to gain enough essential oil for commercial-scale tests. However, certain compounds in the oils exhibit much stronger activity than others. Plant varieties should be sought that produce these compounds in larger quantities, or synthetic Table 2 Toxicity of nine compounds against three test insect species exposed for 24 h Compounds Dose (0.1 ml/720 ml) Eugenol Linalyl acetate 1,8-cineole Carvacrol Camphor Linalool Bornyl acetate Borneol Thymol Untreated Mortality after 24 h (%) Sitophilus oryzae Rhyzopertha dominica Tribolium castaneum Mean7SE* Mean7SE* Mean7SE* 85.078.6ab 82.5711.8ab 100.070.0a 72.578.5b 85.076.4ab 85.076.4ab 85.078.6ab 100.070.0a 100.070.0a 0.070.0c 80.0712.2a 87.5712.5a 97.572.5a 82.5710.3a 100.070.0a 100.070.0a 92.574.78a 92.574.78a 77.5722.5a 0.070.0b 12.576.29a 0.070.0b 0.070.0b 0.070.0b 0.070.0b 0.070.0b 0.070.0b 0.070.0b 0.070.0b 0.070.0b *Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test. ARTICLE IN PRESS V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355 352 Table 3 Fumigant activity of the compounds against Sitophilus oryzae Exposure time Dose (ml/720 ml) % Mortality of Sitophilus oryzae* Eugenol b Linalyl acetate b 1,8 cineole a Carvacrol b Camphor b Linalool b Bornyl acetate b Borneol a Thymol 1 day 0.1 1 10 50 100 85.0 92.5ab 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 82.5 90.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 72.5 87.5b 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 85.0 95.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 85.0 87.5ab 90.0ab 97.5a 97.5a 85.0 95.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 2 days 0.1 1 10 50 100 90.0a 95.0a — — — 82.5b 92.5ab — — — — — — — — 72.5b 92.5ab — — — 87.5b 97.5a — — — 87.5b 90.0ab 92.5ab 97.5ab 100.0a 90.0a 95.0a — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 days 0.1 1 10 50 100.0a 100.0a — — 92.5a 97.5a — — — — — — 85.0b 97.5a — — 90.0a 100.0a — — 90.0a 95.0a 95.0a 100.0a 97.5a 100.0a — — — — — — — — — — 4 days 0.1 1 10 — — — 95.0a 100.0a — — — — 92.5a 100.0a — 95.0a — — 95.0a 97.5a 97.5a 97.5a — — — — — — — — 5 days 0.1 1 10 — — — 95.0a — — — — — 97.5a — — 97.5a — — 97.5a 97.5a 97.5a 97.5a — — — — — — — — 6 days 0.1 1 10 — — — 97.5a — — — — — 100.0a — — 100.0a — — 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a — — — — — — — — 7 days 0.1 1 — — 97.5a — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — *Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test. — ¼ 100% kill already recorded. production methods should be explored as an option to gain enough material for full-scale use. Positive results for contact and fumigant activity of monoterpenes were obtained against S. oryzae. Shaaya et al. (1991) and Weaver et al. (1994) have demonstrated the susceptibility of rice weevil to terpenoids and determined camphor, 1,8-cineole and carvacrol as compounds showing fumigant toxicity. Prates et al. (1998b) found terpenoids to be effective for rice weevil control by isolating 1,8-cineole and limonene from Brazilian flora. They reported that these compounds had lethal effects on rice weevil caused by their influence on the respiratory and digestive systems. Lee et al. (2001) showed that menthone, limonene and linalool isolated from Mentha arvensis L. had toxic activity against rice weevil. Lee et al. (2003) showed that the plant monoterpenes cineole, fenchrone and pulegone in preliminary fumigant analyses successfully controlled the pest, and recommended these monoterpenes as suitable fumigants because of their high volatility, fumigant efficacy and safety. Apart from these monoterpenes, bornyl acetate, limonene, mircen, felandren, pinen, sabinen and terpinen isolated from Korean native plants showed very good repellent activity (Park I.K. et al., 2003; Park C. et al., 2003). We extended the range of active oil substances of aromatic plants tested by four more compounds (thymol, borneol, eugenol and linalyl acetate) in the control of S. oryzae, all of which proved capable of achieving complete control within 24 h at doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 ml/720 ml. Singh and Upadhyay (1993) showed that Rhyzopertha dominica was susceptible to plant extracts, particularly to the essential oil extracted from rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. Xu et al. (1994) tested the toxicity of estragol isolated from the essential oil of Clausena dunniana L. and Dunkel and Sears (1998) determined toxicity of essential oil vapors from Artemisia tridenata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) against Rhyzopertha dominica. By gas chromatography Dunkel and Sears (1998) isolated 1,8-cineole and camphor as the major agents of toxicity. Shaaya et al. (1991) and Prates et al. (1998a) obtained similar results by evaluating essential oil compounds from Eucalyptus spp., isolating 1,8-cineole and limonene as the principal compounds with insecticidal activity. These authors proved there was contact toxicity through the insect cuticle, and fumigant toxicity through the respiratory and digestive systems. Azadirachtin proved effective even against multi-resistant strains of Rhyzopertha dominica by inhibiting the growth of ARTICLE IN PRESS V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355 353 Table 4 Fumigant activity of the compounds against Rhyzopertha dominica Exposure time Dose (ml/720 ml) % Mortality of Rhyzopertha dominica* Eugenol b Linalyl acetate ab 1,8 cineole a Carvacrol b Camphor a Linalool a Bornyl acetate Borneol b b Thymol 1 day 0.1 1 10 50 100 80.0 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 87.5 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 97.5 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 82.5 87.5ab 87.5ab 100.0a 100.0a 100.0 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 92.5 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 92.5 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 77.5b 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 100.0a 2 days 0.1 1 10 82.5b — — 90.0a — — 97.5a — — 82.5b 87.5ab 100.0a — — — — — — 92.5b — — 92.5b — — 77.5b — — 3 days 0.1 1 85.0b — 90.0a — 97.5a — 82.5b 92.5ab — — — — 92.5b — 92.5b — 77.5b — 4 days 0.1 1 85.0b — 95.0a — 100.0a — 82.5b 100.0a — — — — 97.5a — 95.0b — 80.0b — 5 days 0.1 1 90.0a — 95.0a — — — 82.5b — — — — — 97.5a — 95.0b — 80.0b — 6 days 0.1 95.0a 95.0a — 82.5b — — 97.5a 95.0b 80.0b 7 days 0.1 95.0a 95.0a — 82.5b — — 100.0a 95.0b 82.5b *Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test. — ¼ 100% kill already recorded. subsequent generations (Rahim, 1998). Suya et al. (1998) showed the fumigant activity of thymol against Rhyzopertha dominica after its isolation from the essential oil of Elsholtzia spp. We extended the range of active oil substances of aromatic plants tested against Rhyzopertha dominica by six more compounds: eugenol, borneol, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, linalool and linalyl acetate, which, with the exception of carvacrol, achieved complete control within 24 h at a dose of 1 ml/720 ml. In our results, Tribolium castaneum was highly resistant to the essential oils tested. Only 1,8-cineole applied at the highest concentration (100 ml/720 ml volume) showed acceptable efficacy against Tribolium castaneum after 7 days exposure. Prates et al. (1998a) assessed 1,8-cineole and limonene, monoterpenes from Eucaliptus and Citrus spp. against Tribolium castaneum and found that although limonene was more effective than 1,8-cineole, neither compound showed a high level of efficacy. Qiantai and Yongcheng (1998) assessed the contact efficacy of camphor as the major isolate from essential oils of Cinnamomum cassia Blume, Illicium verum Hook.f. and Cinnamomum camphora (L.), against Rhyzopertha dominica, S. zeamais and Tribolium castaneum, and found camphor effective against S. zeamais and Rhyzopertha dominica, whereas the isolate against Tribolium castaneum showed repellent, but not insecticidal activity. Xiaoqing et al. (1998) suggested that the pest could be controlled by compounds from Citrus spp. (particularly limonene) after evaluating seven plant extracts for contact, repellent and fumigant efficacy. Clemente et al. (2000) obtained positive results by treating Tribolium castaneum with the essential oil of Lavandula spica L. that contained 40% of 1,8-cineole. The laboratory studies of Lee et al. (2003) proved that Tribolium castaneum could be controlled by 1,8-cineole, 1-fechone and pulegone, but only at the highest doses. The results of our study are mostly in the agreement with the results of other investigators. By comparing the fumigant activities of nine essential oil compounds against the three insect species, 1,8-cineole was arguably the most effective, followed by camphor and linalool. 5. Conclusions The results of fumigant activity of some compounds from laurel, lavender, rosemary and thyme essential oils against S. oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum, serious pests of Croatian silos and storages, identified some possible alternatives for fumigants currently in use. If the problem of cost-effective commercial production can be solved, some of the compounds tested could find a place in IPM strategies, especially where the emphasis is on environmental and food safety and on replacing the more dangerous and toxic fumigants and insecticides. Acknowledgments We are grateful to ‘‘Saponia’’ Osijek for GC analyses and also thank ‘‘Ireks Aroma’’ for their assistance in providing the necessary Dalmatian essential oil extracts. We thank Dr. Paul Fields of Cereal Research Centre, ARTICLE IN PRESS V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355 354 Table 5 Fumigant activity of the compounds against Tribolium castaneum Exposure time Dose (ml/720 ml) % Mortality of Tribolium castaneum* Eugenol b Linalyl acetate b 1,8 cineole b Carvacrol Camphor Linalool b b b Bornyl acetate a Borneol a Thymol 1 day 0.1 1 10 50 100 12.5 12.5b 13.0b 13.0b 17.5a 0.0 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 12.5a 0.0 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 17.5a 0.0 7.5ab 12.5ab 15.0ab 20.0a 0.0 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 12.5a 0.0 0.0b 2.5b 2.5b 12.5a 0.0 0.0a 0.0a 2.5a 5.0a 0.0 0.0a 0.0a 0.0a 0.0a 0.0a 0.0a 0.0a 2.5a 5.0a 2 days 0.1 1 10 50 100 12.5b 12.5b 13.0b 13.0b 20.0a 0.0c 0.0c 7.5abc 10.0ab 12.5a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 5.0b 27.5a 5.0b 12.5ab 17.5ab 20.0a 20.0a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 5.0ab 12.5a 0.0b 0.0b 5.0b 5.0b 25.0a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 17.5a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 15.0a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 2.5ab 7.5a 3 days 0.1 1 10 50 100 12.5b 17.5ab 17.5ab 22.5ab 25.0a 0.0b 12.5ab 12.5ab 15.0ab 17.5a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 5.0b 37.5a 5.0b 12.5ab 20.0ab 25.0a 25.0a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 5.0b 25.0a 0.0b 2.5b 5.0b 5.0b 32.5a 0.0b 2.5b 2.5b 5.0b 17.5a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 15.0a 0.0b 0.0b 0.0b 5.0ab 7.5ab 4 days 0.1 1 10 50 100 15.0b 20.0ab 20.0ab 25.0a 27.5a 0.0b 12.5ab 12.5ab 22.5a 30.0a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 10.0b 42.5a 5.0b 17.5ab 25.0a 27.5a 30.0a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 10.0b 40.0a 0.0b 5.0b 5.0b 7.5b 52.5a 2.5b 2.5b 7.5b 7.5b 32.5a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 7.5b 20.0a 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 12.5b 22.5a 5 days 0.1 1 10 50 100 17.5b 25.0ab 25.0ab 35.0a 37.5a 0.0b 12.5ab 22.5a 25.0a 30.0a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 10.0b 50.0a 7.5c 17.5b 25.0ab 32.5a 37.5a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 10.0b 45.0a 0.0b 5.0b 5.0b 7.5b 57.5a 5.0b 7.5b 7.5b 15.0b 40.0a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 7.5b 25.0a 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 12.5b 35.0a 6 days 0.1 1 10 50 100 20.0b 30.0ab 30.0ab 45.0a 50.0a 0.0b 17.5ab 27.5a 30.0a 30.0a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 10.0b 57.5a 7.5c 22.5b 30.0ab 40.0a 50.0a 0.0b 0.0b 5.0b 10.0b 57.5a 0.0b 5.0b 5.0b 7.5b 72.5a 5.0b 7.5b 10.0b 20.0b 52.5a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 7.5b 30.0a 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 12.5b 40.0a 7 days 0.1 1 10 50 100 20.0b 30.0ab 30.0ab 52.5a 57.5a 0.0b 17.5ab 27.5a 30.0a 37.5a 0.0c 0.0c 2.5c 12.5b 92.5a 7.5c 27.5b 30.0ab 47.5a 55.0a 0.0c 0.0c 5.0bc 10.0b 70.0a 0.0b 5.0b 7.5b 7.5b 77.5a 5.0b 7.5b 10.0b 20.0b 57.5a 0.0b 0.0b 2.5b 7.5b 30.0a 0.0c 0.0c 0.0c 12.5b 50.0a *Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P40.05) as determined by the LSD-test. Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada, for critically reviewing the manuscript. References Andronikashvili, M., Reichmuth, Ch., 2002. Repellency and toxicity of essential oils from Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) and Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae) from Georgia against the rust-red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In: Credland, P.F., Armitage, D.M., Bell, C.H., Cogan, P.M., Highley, E. (Eds.), Advances in Stored Products Protection, Proceedings of the Eighth International Working Conference of Stored Product Protection, 22–26 July 2002, York, UK. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, pp. 749–762. C - akir, C., 1992. Investigations on the fungitoxic potentials of some plants occurring in Antalya. M.Sc. Thesis, Akdeniz University, Antalya (in Turkish). Clemente, S., Broussalis, A., Martino, V., Ferraro, G., Mareggiani, G., 2000. Identification of a chemical fraction from aromatic herbs with insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In: Abstracts of the XXI International Congress of Entomology, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil, p. 331. Dunkel, F.V., Sears, L.J., 1998. Fumigant properties of physical preparations from mountain big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata Nutt. spp. vaseyana (Rydb.) beetle for stored grain insects. Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 307–321. Golob, P., Dales, M., Fidgen, A., Evans, J., Gudrups, I., 1999. The use of spices and medicinals as bioactive protectants for grains. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 137, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy /http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2230e/x2230e00.htmS. Huang, Y., Ho, S.H., Lee, H.C., Yap, Y.L., 2002. Insecticidal properties of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and their effect on nutrition of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 38, 403–412. ARTICLE IN PRESS V. Rozman et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 349–355 Isman, M.B., 1997. Neem and other botanical insecticides barriers to commercialization. Phytoparasitica 25, 339–344. Kalinovic, I., Rozman, V., Guberac, V., Maric, S., 2002. Insecticidal activity of some aromatic plants from Croatia against lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.) on stored wheat. In: Credland, P.F., Armitage, D.M., Bell, C.H., Cogan, P.M., Highley, E. (Eds.), Advances in Stored Products Protection, Proceedings of the Eighth International Working Conference of Stored Product Protection, 22–26 July 2002, York, UK. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, pp. 768–775. Kéita, S.M., Vincent, C., Schmit, J.P., Arnason, J.T., Bélanger, A., 2001. Efficacy of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. gratissimum L. applied as an insecticidal fumigant and powder to control Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 37, 339–349. Kim, S.I., Park, C., Ohh, M.H., Cho, H.C., Ahn, Y.J., 2003. Contact and fumigant activities of aromatic plants extracts and essential oils against Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 11–19. Lee, S.E., Lee, B.H., Choi, W.S., Park, B.S., Kim, J.G., Campbell, B.C., 2001. Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Pest Management Science 57, 548–553. Lee, S.E., Peterson, C.J., Coats, J.R., 2003. Fumigation toxicity of monoterpenoids to several stored product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 77–85. Papachristos, D.P., Stamopoulos, D.C., 2002. Repellent, toxic and reproduction inhibitory effects of essential oil vapours on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 38, 117–128. Park, C., Kim, S.I., Ahn, Y.J., 2003. Insecticidal activity of asarones identified in Acorus gramineus rhizome against three coleopteran stored product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 333–342. Park, I.K., Lee, S.G., Choi, D.H., Park, J.D., Ahn, Y.J., 2003. Insecticidal activities of constituents identified in the essential oil from leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Journal of Stored Products Research 39, 375–384. Prakash, A., Rao, J., 1997. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Bld, N.W., Boca Raton, FL, USA. Prates, H.T., Santos, J.P., Waquil, J.M., Fabris, J.D., Oliveira, A.B., Foster, J.E., 1998a. Insecticidal activity of monoterpenes against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 243–249. Prates, H.T., Santos, J.P., Waquil, J.M., Fabris, J.D., Oliveira, A.B., 1998b. The potential use of plant substances extracted from Brazilian flora to control stored grain pest. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L., Yongsheng, L., Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Stored-product Protection, 14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 820–825. Qiantai, L., Yongcheng, S., 1998. Studies on effect of several plant materials against stored grain insects. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L., Yongsheng, L., Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of 355 the Seventh International Conference on Stored-product Protection, 14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 836–844. Rahim, M., 1998. Biological activity of azadirachtin-enriched neem kernel extracts against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 34, 123–128. Regnault-Roger, C., Hamraoui, A., 1993. Efficiency of plants from the south of France used as traditional protectants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. against its bruchid Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored Products Research 29, 259–264. Regnault-Roger, C., Hamraoui, A., 1995. Fumigant toxic activity and reproductive inhibition induced by monoterpenes on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera), a bruchid of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Stored Products Research 31, 291–299. Regnault-Roger, C., Hamraoui, A., Holeman, M., Theron, E., Pinel, R., 1993. Insecticidal effect of essential oils from Mediterranean plants upon A. obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) a pest of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Chemical Ecology 19, 1231–1242. Regnault-Roger, C., Ribodeau, M., Hamraoui, A., Bareau, I., Blanchard, P., Gil-Munoz, M.I., Barberan, F.T., 2004. Polyphenolic compounds of Mediterranean Lamiaceae and investigation of orientational effects on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Journal of Stored Products Research 40, 395–408. Shaaya, E., Ravid, U., Paster, N., Juven, B., Zisman, U., Pissarev, V., 1991. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against four major storedproduct insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, 499–504. Singh, G., Upadhyay, R.K., 1993. Essential oils—a potent source of natural pesticides. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 52, 676–683. Suya, W., Yongjia, J., Chunming, L., Yingjie, Z., 1998. Studies of population reproductive inhibiting effect on volatile oil from Elsholtiza sp. against stored-product insects. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L., Yongsheng, L., Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Stored-product Protection, 14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 858–865. Weaver, D.K., Subramanyam, B., 2000. Botanicals. In: Subramanyam, B., Hagstrum, D.W. (Eds.), Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 303–320. Weaver, D.K., Dunkel, F.V., Potter, R.C., Ntezurubanza, L., 1994. Contact and fumigant efficacy of powdered and intact Ocimum canum Sims (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) adults (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 30, 243–252. Xiaoqing, W., Wufeng, J., Wenbin, M., 1998. Studies on inhibitory impacts of seven botanical extract on population formation of Tribolium castaneum. In: Zuxun, J., Quan, L., Yongsheng, L., Xianchang, T., Lianghua, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Stored-product Protection, 14–19 October 1998, Beijing, China, vol. 1. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China, pp. 866–869. Xu, H.H., Zhao, S.H., Zhu, L.F., Lu, B.Y., 1994. Studies on insecticidal activity of the essential oil from Clausena dunniana and its toxic component. Journal of South China Agricultural University 15, 56–60.
