Download Heredity - Branson Junior High School

HUMAN BODY UNIT
Student Notes
Name: ______________________
REVIEW OF CHEMISTRY (3.1)
Matter: Anything that has _____ and takes up ______.
Atoms: _________ unit of matter.
In the nucleus of an atom:
1. Protons- _________ charged particles.
2. Neutrons- _______ particles.
Around the nucleus of an atom:
1.
Electrons- tiny, negatively charged particles that orbit nucleus in _______.
Electrons are the part of the atom that is involved in chemical __________.
Elements: _______ substance made up of only ____ type of atom.
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Can’t be broken down by ________ means. (Only a nuclear reaction can break an atom apart.)
Represented by a __________.
_________ and _________ are the most common elements in living things.
Compounds: ______ or more atoms ___________ bonded together.
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Atoms of two or more elements in exact ___________.
Molecules: a group of atoms held together by chemical bond.
Molecules are the smallest unit of a compound.
Stored ________ is released when chemical bonds are _________.
Released energy is then used by the _______ of living things.
Example: Sunlight energy is stored as glucose made by plants, and then released from the
glucose when living organisms break down the glucose in their ___________during respiration.
Compounds are ________________, because they have a fixed composition and definite
properties.
How Atoms Combine
1. One way is to _______ an outer energy level electron.
 Properties of the new compound will be very different from the _______ that make it.
 Examples:
o Water:
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Hydrogen gas:
2. Another
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way is when one atom borrows or takes an electron from another atom.
Called _________.
Ions: atoms that have an electrical charge because they have _______ or ______ an electron.
If electrons are LOST by an atom it becomes a _________ ion, because it lost a negative
charge.
If electrons are GAINED by an atom it becomes a _________ ion, because it gained a negative
charge.
The electrons are lost or gained to make the atom more ________.
The _________ ions are attracted to the __________ ions, and they bond to form a
___________.
Draw example: NaCl
Mixture: combination of more than one pure substance.
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The pure substances retain their _____ properties.
They are only _________ combined, not chemically bonded together.
Two types of mixtures:
1. Solutions: a _______ in which one or more substances are evenly mixed.
2. Suspension: a liquid with two or more substances that are mixed together but will _______
out over time.
Organic Compounds
Organic compounds always contain ________ and _________ and usually are associated with living things.
Four Categories:
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Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds: do not contain ______ carbon and hydrogen atoms.
3 important examples:
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Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Water
ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Digestive System (18.2 p. 523)
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____________ digestion begins in the _________.
The tongue and ________ break up food into smaller pieces.
________ contains enzymes which begin ________ digestion, where the food is broken down into
single molecules (glucose, amino acids, etc.)
From the mouth, food passes down the ____________ and into the stomach.
The stomach twists and turns to further break down the food ___________ into smaller pieces.
Food is further broken down by __________ digestion, by ______ and ________ produced by the
__________, the __________, the gall ________, the ________, and the small intestine.
__________ in the intestines help digest undigested materials like plant cellulose, and they
produce several of the __________ that you need.
It is these bacteria that produce __________ that pass out of our bodies.
Indigestible wastes pass out of the body as solid wastes called ______ after the large
____________ absorbs the excess water.
The _______ move along the ________, into the ________, and out the anus.
2. Respiratory System (20.1 p.568)
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The purpose of the Respiratory System is to supply ________ to the body and to remove ______
from the body.
Oxygen is required by cells to __________ energy from __________.
Lungs bring in the ________ that diffuses into the blood and gets rid of the ______________
that diffuses out of our blood.
Lungs are full of blood ________ for this purpose.
The diaphragm is a large muscle that ___________ lungs.
3. Circulatory System (19.1-2 p. 540)
Heart
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Located beneath the ________, between the _______.
Has 4 ___________: two _________ to receive the blood, two __________ to pump the blood.
Oxygen poor blood enters the right ________ from your body.
One _____ valves prevent _________.
The blood then enters the right __________, which pumps it to your _______ to pick up _______
and get rid of ______________.
The oxygen _______ blood then enters the left _________, and then goes to the left
__________, which pumps it out to the body..
Blood circulation moves BODY to HEART to LUNGS to HEART to BODY.
The ___________ loop is the circuit from the heart to lungs where it picks up ________ and back
to the _________.
The ___________ loop is the circuit that carries ______________ blood from the heart to the
body and ______________blood back to the heart.
Blood Vessels
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Veins carry oxygen ______ blood back to the heart.
Arteries carry oxygen _______ blood out to the body.
__________ are nearly microscopic vessels that supply each cell in the body.
There are several diseases that affect the circulatory system.
~ Atherosclerosis: fatty ________ building up on artery walls.
~ Hypertension: high _______ pressure.
Blood
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Exchanges _____ picked up from the _________, and exchanges it for ______ taken in by the
______.
Picks up __________ from the small __________, where food was broken down (digested) into
individual __________.
The small intestine is loaded with blood ___________.
Carries the food molecules to each and every _______ in the body.
Picks up _______ created by the cell metabolism and delivers it to the _______ to be filtered out
and passed out of the body as ________.
Blood is made of ________, which is mostly water, red blood cells, which supply the body with
___________, white blood cells that fight ________ and _______ which clot the blood.
4. Nervous System (21.1 p. 594)
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The body is able to respond to many different __________ and maintain ___________.
Nerves extend from the ________ cord go to every _________ and _________ in the body.
The brain sends and receives ___________ by way of different kinds of neurons.
The ________Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
The rest of the nerves make up the _________Nervous System (PNS)
Example:
~ You encounter a mean dog that starts growling and scares you.
~ That stimulates __________ neurons in your eyes.
~ These neurons send a message to your ________.
~ Your brain sorts the info and sends a response.
~ _______ neurons carry the response back to the muscles.
~ Your heart begins to pound and breathing rate increases as adrenaline is released into your
bloodstream.
~ The muscles are flooded with __________ sugar, so you have the energy to
~ ________!
5. Skeletal System (17.1 p. 484)
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All the ______ in the body make up the skeletal system, which has five major functions.
o Your skeleton gives _______ and support to the body.
o Your bones protect your ________________
o Major _________ are attached to the bones.
o ____________ are formed in the marrow in the ________ of your bones.
o ________ and phosphorus compounds are stored in your skeleton for later use.
There are two types of bone:
o _______________ gives strength for support.
_______________ fills the ends of long bones to make them lightweight, and is where
marrow is found.
Cartilage acts as a ________________ and reduces friction between bones where they rub
together.
Joints are any place where two or more bones come __________.
Ligaments are the tough bands of tissue that hold ________ together.
Tendons attach ________ to bones.
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6. Muscular System (17.2 p. 490)
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A muscle is an organ that can ________ and _________, and provide the ______ to move your
body parts.
o ________________: muscles you can control.
o ________________: muscles you cannot control.
There are three types of muscle tissue.
o Skeletal muscles move _________.
o Cardiac muscle is found only in the _______.
o Smooth muscles are found in _____________.
You move because _______ of muscles work together. When one muscle contracts the other
_________. Muscles always pull.
7. Skin (17.3 p. 496)
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Skin is the ___________ organ of the body.
o Skin is made of three layers. The ___________ is the thinnest, outer layer.
o The middle layer is the _________. It is _________ than the epidermis, and contains
blood vessels, ________, muscles, oil, ________ glands, and other structures.
o The inner _______ layer is for insulation.
 Skin has many functions.
o Skin forms a ___________ covering over the body that prevents _______, prevents
disease causing ___________ from passing through, and prevents excess ________
loss.
o ________ cells in the skin detect and relay information to the brain.
o Sweat glands and blood vessels regulate body _____________.
8. Excretory System (20.2 p. 577)
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Removes _____________ through the skin, and through the digestive, circulatory, respiratory,
and __________ systems.
Urinary system gets rid of wastes which ____________ in the blood and controls the blood volume
by regulating the amount of water in the blood.
The main organs of the urinary system are the _________, which filter blood, the ureters which
drain urine from the kidneys to the _________ which stores urine, and the _________ which
passes urine out of the body.
9. Endocrine System (22.1 p. 622)
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The endocrine system functions to __________ and __________ body systems.
Hormones are ___________________ manufactured in glands throughout the body.
10. Lymphatic System (19.3 p. 556)
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The lymphatic system collects __________, which is a fluid that contains water and ___________
which are white blood cells that help ________ the body against disease causing organisms.
The lymphatic system is made of ________, found throughout the body, the tonsils in the
_________ and the ___________ located behind the stomach, which filters damaged red blood
cells and bacteria from the blood.
11. Immune System (23.1 p. 652)
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Is a complex system of _________ to protect the body from pathogens, which are disease causing
agents.
First line defenses include _________, to prevent entry to the body.
The respiratory system uses ________ and _________ to trap pathogens.
The digestive system uses _________, ___________, ____________, and ________ to kill
bacteria.
White blood cells patrol the ____________ system to destroy pathogens.
Specific immunity is when the immune system creates a specific ___________ in response to an
___________.
12. Reproductive System (22.2 p. 627)
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The body system which produces the _______________ cells.
The female system consists of ___________ which produce egg cells. The _______ is the
muscular organ in which fertilized eggs __________, and the vagina, or _____________ is the
tube that opens to the outside of the body.
The male system produces ________, the male sex cells, in the __________.
_____________ is the uniting of a sperm and an egg.
A __________ is the name for the fertilized cell.