Download Module 01 : Mathematical Physics-I

B.Sc. Part -I (Physics)
Paper I –Mechanics and wave Motion
Unit -I
Inertial reference frame, Newton’s laws of motion, Dynamics of particle in rectilinear and circular motion,
Conservative and Non –conservative forces, Conservation of energy, liner momentum
and angular
momentum, Collision in one and two dimensions, cross section .
Unit -II
Rotational energy and rotational inertia for simple bodies, the combined translation and rotational and
motion of a rigid body on horizontal and inclined planes, Simple treatment of the motions of a top. Relations
between elastic constants, bending of Beams and Torsion of Cylinder.
Unit -III
Central forces, Two particle central forces problem, reduced mass, reduced mass, relative and centre of
mass motion, Law of gravitation, Kepler’s laws, Motions of planets and satellites, geo-stationary satellites.
Unit -IV
Simple harmonic motion, differential equation of S. H. M. and its solution, uses of complex notation, damped
and forced vibrations, composition of simple harmonic motion.
Differential equation of wave motion, plane progressive waves in fluid media, reflection of waves ,phase
change on reflection , superposition , stationary waves ,pressure and energy distribution , phase and group
velocity.
Paper II -Circuit fundamentals and basic electronics
Unit-I
Growth and decay of currents through inductive resistances ,charging and discharging in R.C. and R.L.C.
circuits , Time constant , Measurement of high resistance.
Alternating currents in R.L.C. circuits, complex impedances, phase diagrams, Q factor, series and parallel
resonant circuits, theory of coupled circuits, Transformers, Reflected Impedance and impedance matching.
A.C. Bridges, Maxwell’s and Scherings Bridges , Wien Bridge .
Unit -II
Semiconductors, Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, n-type and p-type semiconductors, Unbiased diode
Forbard bias and Reverse bias diodes , Diode as a rectifier , diode characteristics ,Zener diode , Avalanche
and Zener Breakdown , Power supplies ; rectifier , Bridge rectifier , capacitor input filter , Voltage regulation
, Zener Regulator.
Bipolar transistors, three doped regions, forward and reverse bias , DC alpha , DC beta transistor curves.
Unit –III
Transistor biasing circuits: base bias , emitter bias and voltage divider bias, DC load line .
Basic AC equivalent circuits , Low frequency model ,small singal amplifiers , common emitter amplifier,
common collector amplifers ,and common base amplifiers , Current and Vottage gain , R.C. coupled amplifer
Qualitative treatment only , Frequency response.
Unit-IV
Feedback in amplifiers Input and Output impedance of negative feedback amplifiers, Transistor as an
Oscillator, General discussion and theory of Hartley oscillator only.
Elements of transmission and reception, Basic Principles of amplitude modulation and demodulation.
Principle and design of linear multimeters and their application, Cathode ray Oscilloscope and its simple
applications.
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Paper III – Optics
Unit-I
Coherence and Interference of light , Biprism , Thin films , Newton’s Rings , Michelson’s and Fabry Perot
interferometers , Lummer Plate , Multiple beam interference , filters.
Unit-II
Fresnels diffraction, Fresnel’s zones and propagation of light , Zone plate , Fresnel’s diffraction at
straightedge and narrow wire , Fraunhofer diffraction at multiple slits , limiting cases – single and double
slits.
Unit-III
Resolving power – criterion, expressions for resolving powers of telescope, grating.
Polarization, Double refraction in uniaxial crystals, Nicol prism, polaroids and retardation plates, Babinet’s
compensator. Analysis of polarised light.
Unit-IV
Optical activity and Fresnel’s explanation, Half shade and Biquartz polarimeters .
Matrixr representation of plane polarized waves, matrices for polarizers, retardation plates and rotators,
Application to simple systems.
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B.Sc. Part - II (Physics)
Paper I – Electricity, Magnetism
Electrostatics
Coulomb’s law, Electric Field and potentials, Field due to a uniform charged sphere, Derivations of Poisson
and Laplace Equations, Gauss Law and its application: The Field of a conductor . Electric dipole, Field and
potential due to an electric dipole, Dipole approximation for an arbitrary charged distribution, Electric
quadruple, Field due to a quadruple , Electrostatic Energy of a charged uniform sphere , Energy of a
condenser .
Unit -II
Magnetostatics
Magnetic field , Magnetic force on a current , Magnetic Induction and Bio – Savart Law , Lorentz Force ,
Vector and Scalar Magnetic potentials , Magnetic Dipole , Magnetomotive force and Ampere’s Circuital
theorem and its applications to calculate magnetic field due to wire carrying current and solenoid .
Unit –III
Electromagnetic Induction
Laws of Induction, Faraday’s laws and Lanz’s Law. Mutual and Self Induction , Vector potential in varying
Magnetic field , Induction of current in continuous media , Skin effect , Motion of Electron in changing
magnetic field , Betatron , Magnetic energy in field , Induced magnetic field (Time varying electric field )
,Displacement current , Maxwell’s equations, Electromagnetic waves in free space , Poynting Vector , Theory
and working of moving coil ballistic galvanometer .
Unit –IV
Dielectrics
Dielectric constant, polarication , Electronic polarization , Atomic or ionic Polarisation , Polarisation charges ,
Electrostatic equation with dielectrics , Field , force and energy in Dielectrics .
Magnetisation Properties of Matter
Intensity of magnetization and magnetic susceptibility, Properties of Dia , Para nd Ferromagnertic materials ,
Curie temperature , Hysteresis and its experimental determination.
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Paper II – Thermal Physics
Unit – I
Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Temperature concept, Equations of State, Van der
Waal’s equation, Critical constants, principle of corresponding states.
Unit –II
First law of thermodyanamics , Absolute scale of temperature Entropy , Degradation of energy , Enthalpy
Helmholtz function , Gibbs function , Maxwell’s thermodynamics relations and their application.
Unit –III
Differential and Integral Joule Thomson effect, Inversion temperature, Liquification of gasses (no
Experimental details). Adiabatic demagnetization, He I and II. Clausius Clapeyron equation.
Unit – IV
Kinetic theory, Maxwell – Boltzmann law, Equipartion of energy, Mean free path, transport phenomena,
Brownian motion Avogadro number.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic temperature, Blackbody radiation, Stefan Boltzmann’s law , Plsnck’s law and its
verification .
Paper III – Elements of Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Spectra.
Unit –I
Inadequacies of classical mechanics , Photoelectric phinomena , Compton effect , Wave-particle duality , de
Briglie matter waves and their experimental verification , Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle ,
Complementary principle , Principle of superposition , Motion of wave packets .
Unit –II
Schr’odinger wave equation , Interpretation of wave function , Expectation values of dynamical variables ,
Ehrenfest theorem , Orthonormal properties of wave functions , One diomensional motion in step potential ,
Rectangular barrier , Square well potential , Particle in a box normalization .
Unit –III
Bohratomic model, Sommerfeld elliptic orbits, Spin and orbital magnetic moments, Stern – Gerlach
experiment, Pauli’s exclosion principle and periodic table. Optical spectra of alkali and alkaline earth
elements, Fine structure of spectral lines, Coupling schemes (LS and JJ) for two electron systems.
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Unit -IV
Normal and anomalous Zeeman Effect and Paschen Back effect of one electron systems, Experimental
observation, X-ray spectra – continuous and characteristic, their generation and uses, Spin and screening
doublets.
Books Recommended:
1. A Beiser- Concept of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
2. R.M. Eisberg – fundamentals of Modern Physics, Wiley, New York.
3. H.E. White – Introduction to Atomic Spectra, McGraw-Hill, New York.
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B.Sc. – III (Physics)
Paper – I Elements of Relativistic, Classical & Statistical Mechanics:
Unit – I
Relativistic Mechanics:
Earth as a reference frame, Galilean transformation, Michelson-Morley experiment, postulates of special theory of
relativity, Lorentz transformations, Lorentz contraction and time dilation, Law of addition of velocities, variation of
mass with velocity, Principle of equivalence of mass and energy.
Unit – II
Classical Mechanics:
Mechanics of a system of particles, generalized co-ordinates, D’Alembert’s principle. The Lagrangian formulation
and Lagrange’s equations of motion. Calculus of variation and it’s applications. The Hamiltonian formulation and
Hamilton’s equation of Motion.
Unit – III
Classical Mechanics & Statistical Mechanics:
The rigid body motion, Force-free motion of symmetrical rigid body. Two – body central force problem, reduction to
equivalent one-body problem, the equation on motion and first integrals, Classification of orbits, Orbit for integrable
power-law potentials, Inverse square law-Kepler problem. Inadequacy of Classical Mechanics, phase space,
Liouville’s theorem, connection between statistical and thermodynamic quantities.
Unit – IV
Statistical Mechanics:
Ensembles, the microcanonical, the canonical and grand canonical ensembles, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics,
Partition function, Maxwell Velocity distribution and mean values, equipartition theorem, Statistics of interacting
systems, Van der Waal’s gas, Statistics of identical particles, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Statistics, simple
applications, electron gas and Planck’s oscillator.
Paper – II – Solid State and Nuclear Physics:
Unit – I
Crystal Structure:
Lattice translation vectors and lattice, Symmetry operations, Basis and crystal structure, Primitive Lattice cell, Twodimensional lattice type, systems, Number of lattices, Point groups and plane groups, Three dimensional lattice
types, System, Number of Lattices, Points groups and space groups, Index system for crystal planes-Miller indices,
Simple crystal structures, NaCI, hep, diamond, Cubic ZnS and hexagonal ZnS, Occurrence of Nonideal crysal
structures, random stacking of polytyprism, glasses.
Crystal Diffraction and Reciprocal Lattice:
Incident beam, Bragg law, Experimental diffraction method, Laue method, Rotating-crystal method, Powder method
Derivation of scattered wave amplitude, Fourier analysis, Reciprocal lattice vectors, Diffraction conditions, Ewald
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method, Brillouin zones, Reciprocal lattice to sc, bcc and fcc lattices, Fourier analysis os the basis and atomic form
factor.
Unit – II
Crystal Bindings:
Crystal of inert gases, Van der Walls-London interaction repulsive interaction, Equilibrium lattice constants, Cohesive
energy, compressibility and bulk modulus, Lonic crystal, Madelung energy evaluation of Madelung constant,
Covalent crystals, Hydrogen-bonded crystals, Atomic radii.
Lattice Vibrations:
Lattice Heat capacity, Einstein model, Vibrations of monatomic lattice, derivation of dispersion relation, First brillouin
zone, group velocity, continuum limit, Force constants, Lattice with two atoms per primitive cell, derivation of
dispersion relation, Acoustic and optical modes, Phonon momentum.
Free electron theory, Fermi energy, density of states, Heat capacity of electron gas, Paramagnetic susceptibility of
conduction electrons Hall effect in metals.
Origin of band theory, Qualitative idea of Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model, Number of orbitals in a band,
conductor, Semi-conductor and insulators, Effective mass, Concept of holes.
Unit – III
Nuclear Physics:
1. General Properties of Nucleus:
Brief survey of general Properties of the Nucleus, Mass defect and binding energy, charges, Size,
Spin and Magnetic moment, Bainbridge mass spectrograph.
2. Nuclear Forces:
Saturation phenomena and Exchange forces, Deutron ground state properties.
3. Nuclear Models:
Liquid drop model and bethe Weiszacher mass formula, Sungle particle shell model (only the level
scheme in the context of reproduction of magic numbers).
4. Natural Radioactivity:
Fundamental laws of radioactivity, Soddy-fajan’s displacement law and law of radioactive
disintegration, Basic ideas about
decay.
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Unit – IV
1. Nuclear Reactions:
Nuclear reactions and their conservation laws, Cross section of nuclear reactions, Theory of fission
(Qualitative), Nuclear reactors and Nuclear fusion.
2. Accelerators and detectors:
Vande Graff, Cyclotron and Synchrotron, Interaction of charged particles and gamma rays with
matter (qualitative), GM counter, Scintillation counter and neutron detectors.
3. Elementary Particles:
Basic classification based on rest mass, Spin and half life, particle interactions (gravitational,
Electromagnetic, week and strong Interactions).
Paper – III – Electronics:
Unit – I
Network Theorems and Circuit Analysis:
Thevenin, Norton and superposition theorems and their applications, T and // Network characteristics
Interactive
and image impedances, Constant K and derived-m type filters, transmission lines
Characteristics impedances and attenuations Reflection coefficients.
Diodes:
Diffusion of minority carrier in semiconductor, work function in metals and semiconductors Junctions
between metal and semiconductors, Semiconductor and semiconductor, p.n. Junction, Depletion layer,
Junction Potential Width of depletion layer, Field and Capacitance of depletion layer, Forward A.c. And
D.C. resistance of junction Reverse Breakdown.
UNIT – II
Diode:
Zener and Avalanche diodes, Tunnel diodes, Point contact diode, their importance at High frequencies,
LED photodiodes, Effect of temperature on Junction diode Thermistors.
Transistors:
Transistors parameters, base width modulation transit time and life-time of minority carriers base Emitter
resestance Collector conductance, Base spreading resistance, Difusion capacitance, Reverse feedback
ratio, Equivalent circuit for transistors, Basic Model, hybrid model and Y parameter equivalent circuit Input
and output impedances.
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UNIT – III
Current and Voltage gain, Biasing formulae for transistors, Base bias, emitter bias and mixed type bias
and mixed type biasing for small and large signal operation.
Transistor circuit application at law frequencies, their AC and DC equivalent for three different modes of
operation, Large signal operation of transistors, Transistor Power amplifiers, Class A and B operation,
Maximum power output Effect of temperature, heat sinks, thermal resistance Distorsion in amplifiers,
cascading of stages, Frequency response, Negative and positive feedback in transistor amplifiers.
UNIT – IV
Field effect transistors and their characteristics biasing of FET, use in preamplifiers MOSFET and their
simple uses.
Power Supplies:
Electronically regulated law and high voltage power supplies, Inverters for battery operated equipments.
Miscellaneous:
Basic linear integrated circuits phototransistors, Silicon Controlled rectifiers, Unijunction transistor and
their simple uses.
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B.Sc. Part –I (Electronics)
(For the examination of 2002 and onwards)
Q. 1.
(in each class will be comprehensive based on units 1 to IV and will carry 40% marks)
Paper I : Electronics Devices
UNIT – I
Qualitative explanation of mechanism, characteristics and simple application of junction device: p-n
junction diode, transistors, funnel diode, unijunction transistor.
Field effect devices : JEET, MOSFET
UNIT – II
Qualitative explanation of mechanism, characteristics and simple application of M.W. devices: Gunn
diode, IMPATT diode, PIN diode.
Metal semiconductor devices : Schottky diode.
UNIT – III
Optical device
:
Qualitative explanation of mechanism characteristics and simple application of Solar cell,
Photodetectors, p-n photodiode, LEDs.
Electronics Compnents : Colour codes for resistor and capacitor, Identification and testing of
resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors, Introduction of bread boarding, tools, printed circuit
boards, its making and component mounting and soldering.
UNIT – IV
Sensors and Transducers : Presssure, readiation, temperature and displacement sensors, Transducers
based on p-n junctions, resistance, capacitance, piezoelectricity.
IC fabrication principles : Integration of resistance, capacitance, diode, BJT in a monolithic circuit
basis processes.
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Paper II : Basic Digital Electronics
UNIT – I
The logic concept and definition of digital systems.
Number System : Binary number system and operations, Binary representation of respective
numbers, Modulus representation, Binary arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division,
octal numbers, octal-binary conversion, Hexadecimal numbers, Hexadecimal to Binary and Binary to
Hexadecimal conversion.
Binary codes : Bnary code, The 8421 code, Binary coded decimal Gray codes, Binary to gray and gray
to Binary conversion, Partity.
UNIT – II
Switches : Used for logic functions and Relay logic, their limitations, combinational logic and
sequential logic.
Logic gates : OR, AND, NOT gates: symbols and functions, characteristics of the digital signal
applied to logic gates, Introduction to electronics considerations like power supply voltage, fanout,
wire length, parallet wires, propagation delay and noise margin.
UNIT – III
Boolean Algebra : Constants, Variables and functions, Boolean postulates and properties, truth tables
and Boolean equations, simplification of compound expressions.
Combinational Logic : Fundamental products. AND-OR network, Karnaugh map techniques,
definitions and rues, graphical representation of Bloolean functions, determination of minimal
equations, combinational logic design, seven segment decoder.
UNIT – IV
The multi meter : Principle and working, introduction to digital multimeter. The cathode ray
oscilloscope the waveform observation and measurements, the time base sensitivity. Introduction to
synchronization introduction to sinusoidal and square-wave generators. Audio and R.F. Generators.
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Paper III : Aplifiers
UNIT – I
Basic AD/DC models for BJT and FET amplifiers, hybrid model; MOSFET amplifiers. The operation
point bias stability and biasing schemes for discrete components and integrated circuit BJT and FET
amplifiers, analysis and design.
UNIT – II
The common emitter amplifier. The emitter follower. FET amplifier stages: common source and
common drain configurations. Cascaded BJT and FET stages.
CC-CC (Darlington) CC-CE and CE-CB (Cascade) configurations. The differential amplifier,
differential and common modes.
UNIT – III
Frequency response characteristics of BJT and FET amplifier: Fidelity considerations, high and low
frequency response, Step response of an amplifier: rise time & Sag Feedback amplifiers: loop gain,
Properties of negative feedback amplifiers, Input and Output impedances>
UNIT – IV
The shunt-shunt, series-series and series-shunt feedback topologies, their properties and impedances.
The shunt-feedback triple, shunt-series pair series-shunt pair and series triple. Multistage feedback
amplifiers.
Elementary ideas of the following:
Sound amplifiers; Music response, preamplifiers for Audio cassette players stereo amplifier; their
frequency response. Power amplifiers & their design, Filters, Notch Filter: Active filter, Multichannel
Tone controls, Bass and treble amplifiers Characteristics of Loudspeakers: Woofers; Tweeters; Crossover systems.
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B.Sc. Part –II (Electronics)
(For the examination of 2002 and onwards)
Paper I : Advance Digital Electronics
UNIT – I
Transistor as a switch, switching times.
Logic circuits, Active and passive logic circuits, Diode logic (DL), Resistor logic (RL), Resistortransistor Logic (RLT), diode transistor logic (DTL), Transistor-transistor logic (TTL), CML and
CMOS logics.
Registers, A serial shift register, Ring counter, A shift counter, Controller shift register.
UNIT – II
Electronic circuits of logic gates. De Morgan’s theorems, The universal NOR and NAND gates.
Arithmetic circuits, XOR and XNOR gates, Parity check, The haladder, The full-adder, A parallel
binary adder, Half and full-sub tractors, A parallel binary sub tractor.
UNIT – III
Multivibrators, Astable multivibrators, Monostable multivibrators, Bistable multivibrator, Schmidtt
Trigger, Flip-Flops, The R.S. flip-flop, clocked flip-flop, The D- flip-flop, T-flip-flop, RST-flip-flop,
J.K. flip-flop, J.K. Mater/slave flip-flop.
UNIT – IV
Computer Techniques, Binary ripple counters, The 4-bit binary counter, Modulus of a counter,
Asynchornous counters using feedback, Parallel counters, Modified parallel counters using feedback,
combination counters, The race problem, binary decade counter with decoding gates.
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Paper II: Communication Electronics.
UNIT – I
Modulation of signals, Amplitude modulation, Frequency spectrum and average power, Modulating
signal for a complex wave, Trapezoidal display, A.M. Circuits, Demodulation circuits, Block diagram
of an A.M. transmitter.
A.M. receivers, supeerhetrodyne principle, Choice of intermediate and oscillator frequencies, image
rejection, adjacent channel selectivity.
UNIT – II
R.F. amplifiers, single-tuned and double tuned transformer coupled class. A amplifiers, neutralization.
Frequency conversion and mixers. Dual-gate MOSFETS. IF amplifiers.
Single-sideband modulation, Balanced modulator, SSB generation, the balanced modulator-filter
method, the phasing method and the “third method” Principle of SSB reception, independent side-band
(ISB), Frequency division Multiplexing.
UNIT – III
Radio-wave propagation, Space-wave propagation, Tropospheric propagation, Lonospheric
Propagation, Surface wave propagation, Antennas, the elementary doublet and the half-wave dipole,
Vertical antennas, Folded dipole, Loop and ferrite-rod receiving antennas, Driven arrays, the broadside
array and the end-fire array, Parasitic arrays, the Yagi-Uda array.
UNIT – IV
Pulse modulation, Pulse amplitude modulation, pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation.
Time division multiplexing, Black and White Television, the signal. Vidicon and Plumbicon camera
tubes and the picture tube, block diagrams of transmitter and receiver, Elementary ideas about colour
television.
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Paper III : Power Electronics:
UNIT – I
Types of power electronics circuits, Power semiconductor devices, Diodes with RC, RL and RLC
loads, Freewheeling diodes, single phase half wave and full wave rectifiers, Performance parameters,
Thyristors characteristic, Two transistor model of Thyristor, Thyristor turn on and turn off, series and
Parallel operation, thyristor commutation and Firing circuits, Protection circuit, Triac and Diac.
UNIT-II
Controlled rectifiers, single phase semiconductors, Full convertors and Dual convertors. AC voltage
controllers, on off control, Principle of phase control, single phase bidirectional controller with
resistive and induction loads.
AC voltage controller with PWM control, effect of source and load inductance.
UNIT-III
DC choppers, Principle of Step Down operation, step down chopper with RL Load, Principle of step
up operation, Performance Parameters, Chopper classification, Switching mode regulators, Chopper
circuit design, Magnetic Amplifier, The saturable reactor, Push pull Magnetic amplifier,
Cycloconvertors.
UNIT-IV
Pulse width modulated invertors, Principle of operation, Performance Parameters, single phase half
bridge and full bridge invertors, voltage control of single phase inverters, single, multiple, and
sinusoidal pulse width modulation, Harmonic Reductions.
Static switches, single phase AC and DC switches AC switches, for Bus Transfer, Solid state Relays,
Protection of Devices and circuits.
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B.Sc. III (Electronics)
(For the examination of 2002 and onwards)
Paper – I: Signal Processing and Electronic Instrumentation
UNIT-I
Classification of signals, continuous and discrete, analog and digital, periodic and aperiodic, Time
shifting, Time scaling, Time inversion, Unit step function, Unit Impulse function, The exponential
function, Even and odd components of a signal, Systems, Linear and Non-Lenear Systems, Sampling
Theorem, Signal Reconstruction, Interpolation formula, Application of Sampling Theorem, Time
division multiplexing, Idea of PAM, PWM and PPM, Pulse code modulation, Advantages of Digital
Signals, Sample and hold amplifiers.
UNIT-II
D/A convertors, 4 bit Binary Ladder type D/A convertor. Simultaneous and counter type A/D
converter, successive approximation type A/D convertor, Single and Dual slope A/D convertor, Led,
LCD & CCD displays, 7 segment LED display, Multiplexing in Digital displays.
UNIT-III
Wave shaping circuits, square wave and Triangular wave generator, Square wave generation from
sinusoid, Pulse Circuits, Pulse Generators, Time Base Generator, clipper and clamper, circuits, IC 555
Timer, Astable and Monastable Multivibrator.
UNIT-IV
Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO), Phase Lock Loop Circuit and its applications, Cathode ray
Oscilloscope & its application, Dual Trace and Triggered Oscilloscope, Storage Oscilloscope, strain
Gauge, Signal Generator, Crystal Oscillator Electronic Multimeter & Digital Multimeter, Frequency
counter, Solid State detectors, spectrum Analysers, Lock in Amplifier.
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Paper II: Linear Electronics
UNIT-I
Operational amplifiers: Block diagram, symbol and ICs. IC package types, pin identification and
temperature ranges. Definitions of important characteristics and identification of data sheets. The
ideal OP-AMP, Open-loop OP-AMP configuration: differential inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
UNIT-II
Voltage follower. Current to voltage converter. Closed-loop differential amplifiers.
The practical OP-AMP. Input offset voltage and its compensation. Input bias curren and offset current.
Ttal output off set voltage. Thermal drift. Noise Common-mode configuration and common-mode
Rejection Ratio introduction to the frequency response of and OP-AMP and Slew Rate.
UNIT-III
General linear applications and their uses: DC and AC amplifiers, Summing Scaling and Averaging
amplifiers. Instrumentation amplifier. Differential input and differential output amplifier.
UNIT-IV
Voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage converters. Integrator, Differentiator: introduction to Active
filters Comparators and converters.
Voltage Regulators: Fixed voltage, adjustable voltage and switching regulators. Power supplies.
Regulated and Switch Mode Power supplies.
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Paper-III: Elements of Computer and Microprocessor
UNIT-I
Memories
Volatile and non volatile memories, magnetic memories, DRO, NDRO system Semiconductor
memories RAM, ROM, EPROM Addressing of memories: MAR, MAD & NDR hexadecimal
addressing.
Unit – II
Registers
Buffer register, Shift register, Ring Counter shift counter, Controlled shift registers, Tristage switches
Tristate register Reduction of Connecting wires, Bus organization Arithmatic unit , Binary addition
Half and Full subtractor.
UNIT – III
Microprocessor 8085 Organization, Instruction set Progaramming Fetch cycle and Execution cycle,
Timing and Control units, Instruction and data flow Register organization.
UNIT – IV
Programmed Data Transfer in microprocessor, microprocessor 8086, its organization & instructions.
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SYLLABUS
M
M..S
Scc.. ((P
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hyyssiiccss)),, S
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meesstteerrss II,, IIII,, IIIIII &
& IIV
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((FFoorr tthhee S
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This is a two years (4- Semester) course. There will be 18 Theory modules (Papers) each with
maximum marks 100. In addition students will be required to take examination in four modules of
laboratory experiments, each module with maximum marks 100. The details are given below:
SSE
EM
ME
ESSTTE
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R –– II
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
01
02
03
04
05
10
:
:
:
:
:
:
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-I
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
INTRODUCTORY QUANTUM MECHANICS
PRACTICAL
PRACTICAL
Module
Module
Module
Module
06
07
08
09
:
:
:
:
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-II
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTRA
SSE
EM
ME
ESSTTE
ER
R –– IIII
SSE
EM
ME
ESSTTE
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R IIIIII
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
QUANTUM MECHANICS-I
NUCLEAR PHYSICS - I
SOLID STATE PHYSICS - I
ELECTRONICS-I
ELECTRONICS II
LASERS AND OPTO-ELECTRONICS - I
LASERS AND OPTO-ELECTRONICS - II
X-RAYS - I
X-RAYS - II
SSE
EM
ME
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R IIV
V
Module 20 : QUANTUM MECHANICS - II
Module 21 : NUCLEAR PHYSICS - II
Module 22 : SOLID STATE PHYSICS - II
Module 23 : ELECTRONICS III
Module 24 : ELECTRONICS IV
Module 25 : LASERS AND OPTO-ELECTRONICS - III
Module 26 : LASERS AND OPTO-ELECTRONICS - IV
Module 27 : X-RAYS - III
Module 28 : X-RAYS - IV
PRACTICAL: SEMESTERS III/ IV
Module 29 : GENERAL EXPERIMENTS
Module 30 : ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS
Module 31 : LASERS & OPTO-ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS
Module 32 : X-RAY EXPERIMENTS
Note: Electronics, Lasers & Opto-electronics and X-Rays in Semesters III & IV are specializations.
One specialization has to be opted by the student from the start of Semester III.
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M.Sc. (PHYSICS), SEMESTER – I
((FFoorr tthhee S
Seessssiioonn 22000099-- 22001100 aanndd oonnw
waarrddss))
Module 01: Mathematical Physics-I
Unit - I
Fundamental laws of Algebra on complex numbers, polar form of complex numbers,
Regions in the complex plane, Analytic (regular) functions, The Cauchy-Riemann
equations, Harmonic functions.
Unit – II
Line integral in complex plane, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor’s
and Laurent’s expansions, singularities, Zeroes and poles, Residue theorem and count
our integration of simple functions.
Unit – III
Power series, solution of second order differential equations, ordinary point and
singularities of a linear differential equation, Solutions of Hyper- geometric, Bessel,
Legendre, Laguerre and Hermite equations.
Unit – IV
Bessel and Legendre functions and polynomials, Rodrigue’s formula for Legendre
polynomial Orthonrmality and other properties of Legendre, Associated Legendre,
Hermit, Laguerre and Associated Lagurre polynomials.
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Module 02: Classical Mechanics
Unit - I
Mechanics of a system of particles, Generalized Co ordinates, D Alembert’s principle.
The Lagrangian formulation and equations of motion ( with full derivation). The
Hamiltonian formulation and equations of motion ( with full derivation).
Unit – II
Calculus of variations and its application – Hamilton’s principle. The modified
Hamilton’s principle and principle of least action, The rigid body motion – Euler angles,
Motion of symmetrical top.
Unit – III
Canonical transformations, Poisson brackets, Equations of motion and infinitesimal
canonical transformations in the Poisson bracket formulation, Liouville’s theorem.
Unit – IV
Hamilton – Jacobi equations, Action angle variables, the connection between HamiltonJacobi theory and geometrical optics, Theory of small oscillations – Free vibrations of
linear tri- atomic molecule, Transition from a discrete to a continuous system, Field
equation-The Klein Gordan Equation.
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Module 03: Electromagnetic Theory
Unit - I
Maxwell’s Equations in vacuum and matter, Maxwell’s correction to Ampere’s law for
non- steady currents and concept of Displacement current; Boundary conditions,
Poynting’s theorem, Conservation of Energy and momentum for a system of charged
particles and electromagnetic field.
Unit – II
Vactor and scalar potentials, Maxwell’s Equations in terms of Electromagnetic
Potentials, Electromagnetic wave equation, Non-uniqueness of Electromagnetic
Potentials and Concept of Gauge. Gauge Transformations: Coulomb and Lorentz
Gauge; Green’s Function for the Wave Equation; Transformation Properties of
Electromagnetic Fields and Sources under Rotation, Spatial Reflection and TimeReversal.
Unit – III
Propagation of Electromagnetic Plane Waves in Vacuum, Non-conducting Medium,
Conducting Medium and Plasma; Reflection, Refraction and Polarization of
Electromagnetic Waves, Stokes Parameters; Frequency Dispersion Characteristics of
Dielectrics and Conductors; Normal and Anomalous Dispersion, Spreading of Pulse in
Dispersive Media, Kramer-Kronig Relations.
Unit – IV
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular Waveguides, TE and TM Modes,
Cut off frequency, Energy Flow and Attenuation. Modal Analysis of guided modes in a
cylindrical waveguide. Field and Radiation due to an Oscillating Electric Dipole.
Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole fields.
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Module 04: Introductory Quantum Mechanics
Unit - I
Coordinate and momentum representation, Hermitian operators and their spectrum,
Commutator algebra, Uncertainty relation, Eigen values and eigen functions of Linear
harmonic oscillator.
Unit – II
Motion in a central field, Hydrogen atom problem, Free particle in three dimensions,
Eigen values and eigen functions of angular momentum operators L and Lz, spherical
harmonics, Angular momentum commutation relations, Coupling of two angular
momentum.
Unit – III
WKBJ approximation method, Rayleigh-Schrodinger time-independent perturbation
theory for non-degenerate and degenerate systems, Anharmonic oscillator.
Unit – IV
Zeeman Effect, Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect of one electron system,
Calculation of Zeeman patterns, First order Stark effect.
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M.Sc. PHYSICS, SEMESTERS I/II
Module 05: PRACTICAL
GENERAL ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS
S.No.
1
EXPERIMENT
SINGLE STAGE AMPLIFIER
2
ZENER DIODE
3
S.C.R.
4
IC REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
5
NEGATIVE FEED BACK
6
MODULATION & DELODULATION
7
P-N JUNCTION
Module 10: PRACTICAL
OPTICS & GENERAL EXPERIMENTS
S.No.
1
EXPERIMENT
MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER
2
ETALON
3
GRATING
4
RAYLEIGH
5
POLARIZATION
6
EDSER-BUTLER
7
BABINET COMPENSATOR
8
ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER
9
HYSTERSIS LOOP TRACER
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M.Sc.(PHYSICS), SEMESTER – II
Module 06: Mathematical Physics-II
Unit - I
Partial differential equations, Lagrange’s linear equation, Method of multipliers,
Solutions of Laplace, Poisson, Diffusion and wave equations.
Unit – II
Inhomogeneous equations, Green’s function for a free particle, Fourier series, Fourier
integral, Fourier sine, cosine and complex transforms, Applications to boundary value
problems, Fundamental properties of Beta and Gamma functions.
Unit – III
Binary operation, Definitions of Group, Semi-Group and Abelian group, Multiplication
table, Equivalence class, Conjugate elements and classes, Invariant subgroups,
Permutation group, Cyclic group, Cosets of a subgroup, finite and infinite group, Period
of the group.
Unit – IV
Similarity transformations, Representation Character of Trace of the group, Schur’s
Lemma and the Orthgonality theorem, Examples of C2v, Regular representation,
Symmetriesed basis functions for irreducible representation, Direct product of
representation. Applications to simple vibrational problems.
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Module07: Statistical Mechanics
Unit I
Quantum statistics of identical particles, Symmetry properties, Postulates of equal a
prior probability, Grand Canonical Ensemble, Quantum distribution functions (BoseEinstein and Fermi-Dirac), Deviation of distribution laws using grand canonical
partition function.
Unit II
Degeneracy of Boson gas, Applications of Bose-Einstein statistics, Bose-Einstein
condensation, Planck’s Radiation law, properties of liquid He II, Derivation of energy
and pressure of Fermi gas, Energy and pressure of Fermi gas at absolute zero, Fermi
energy as a function of temperature, Thermodynamic properties of an electron gas.
Unit III
Gibbs Paradox, Phase transition, Gibb’s phase rule, One dimensional Ising model, Law
of atmosphere, White Dwarf and Chandra Shekhar limit, Fluctuations, Energy
fluctuations in canonical ensemble and concentration fluctuations in grand canonical
ensemble.
Unit IV
Nyquist theorem (derivation and its applications), Thermodynamics of irreversible
processes, Onsager reciprocal relations Phenomenological coefficient, Principle of
minimum entropy production.
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Module 08: Classical Electrodynamics
Unit - I
Homogeneous and inhomogeneous Lorentz groups, Spacetime rotations, rapidity,
Proper, improper, orthochronous, antichronous Lorentz groups, Light cone
interpretation of Lorentz transformations, Four-vectors, orthogonality, Four-tensors,
Jacobians, Contravariant and Covariant tensors, Trace of a tensor, Contraction,
Symmetric and Antisymmetric tensors, Inner and outer products, Quotient Law, Metric
tensor, Pseudotensors, completely antisymmetric unit tensor, Four-velocity, fourmomentum, four-acceleration, Minkowski force.
Unit – II
2-Form electromagnetic field strength tensor, Covariant formulation of Maxwell’s field
equations with gauge invariance, Lorentz force equation in covariant form,
Transformation of electromagnetic fields as tensor components, Invariants of the field,
Canonical approach to electrodynamics, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation for a
relativistic charged particle in external electromagnetic field, Canonical and Symmetric
Stress Tensors, Conservation laws, Solution of the wave equation in covariant form,
Invariant Green function.
Unit – III
Retarded and advanced potentials, Lienard-Wiechert potentials for a moving point
charge, Fields produced by a charge in uniform and accelerated motion, Radiated
power, Larmor’s formula and its relativistic generalization, Angular distribution of
radiation due to an accelerated charge, bremsstrahlung, synchrotron radiation, Thomson
scattering of radiation, Thomson cross section, Multipole expansion of electromagnetic
fields, Properties of multipole fields, Energy and Angular momentum of multipole
radiation.
Unit – IV
Radiation damping, Radiative reaction force and its derivation, Difficulties with
classical Abraham-Lorentz model, Integro-differential equation of motion, Preacceleration, Line breadth and Level shift of an oscillator, Scattering by free and bound
electrons, Rayleigh Scattering, Frequency dependence of total cross section, Resonance
fluorescence.
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Module 09: Atomic and Molecular Spectra
Unit – I
Fine structure of Hydrogen lines, Optical spectra of alkali metals, Paschen-Back effect
of one electron system, Optical spectra of alkaline earth elements, Singlet and triplet
terms.
Unit – II
Coupling scheme for two electron systems, Hund’s rule. Hyperfine structure, Isotope
effect in atomic spectra, distinction between Isotope effect and hyperfine structure,
Lande’s interval rule, Lamb Rutherford Shift.
Unit – III
Rotation and Rotation- Vibration spectra of diatomic molecules, Microwave and Infrared absorption, Raman scattering, Selection rules, P.Q and R branches, Isotopic shift,
Determination of heat of dissociation, Effect of anharmonicity, Coriolis force
Unit – IV
Vibronic-transition and Frank-Condon rule, principle of Lasers (He-Ne gas laser, ruby
laser) and uses of lasers in Raman spectroscopy, Principle of E.S.R, N.M.R, and N.Q.R.
spectroscopy.
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M.Sc. (PHYSICS), SEMESTER III
Module 11: Quantum Mechanics - I
Unit – I
Matrix formulation of Quantum Mechanics- Transformation theory, Hilbert space and
Projection operators. Equations of motion in Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Interaction
pictures. Harmonic oscillator.
Unit – II
Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics- Space and time development, Rotation and angular
momentum, Angular and spin momentum matrices, Combination of angular momenta.
Tensor operators. Space inversion and time Reversal.
Unit – III
Variational Method, Time dependent perturbation theory. Classical theory of radiation,
Transition probabilities, Einstein’s coefficients.
Identical particles with spin. Symmetry and Antisymmetry of wave functions, Slater’s
determinantal wave functions. Excited states of Helium atom.
Unit – IV
Non-relativistic scattering theory: Born approximation method with examples of
scattering by Coulomb, Gaussian, Square well and Yukawa potential. Partial wave
analysis, phase shift, example of square well potentials. Scattering by identical particles
(expression for scattering cross-section only) Atomic scattering of fast electrons.
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Module 12: Nuclear Physics - I
Unit – I
Basic facts about nuclei, Mass and binding energy, Semi-empirical mass formula,
Nuclear size determination using mu-mesic X-rays and scattering of fast electrons,
Nuclear spin and magnetic moment of nuclei, Molecular beam resonance method,
Nuclear resonance absorption and induction method, Electric quadrupole moment
Unit – II
Alpha decay, Experimental results on alpha decay-Alpha spectra and Geiger- Nutall
relation, Theory of alpha decay.
Beta-spectra, Fermi’s theory of beta decay, Sergeant’s law, Kurie Plot, Allowed and
forbidden transitions, Parity violation in beta-decay, Detection of neutrino.
Unit III
Gamma emission, Multipolarity of gamma rays, Selection rules, Theoretical prediction
of decay constants, Estimation of Transition probabilities, Internal conversion, Angular
correlation, Nuclear isomerism, Mossbauer Effect.
Unit – IV
Nuclear reactions, Conservation laws, The Q-equation and deduction of nuclear energy
levels, Compound nucleus, Bohr hypothesis, Resonance phenomena, Breit- Wigner one
level formula, Optical model, Simple discussion of direct reactions, Nuclear fission,
Bohr-Wheeler theory of nuclear fission, Controlled chain reaction, Nuclear reactors,
Nuclear Fusion.
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Module 13: Solid State Physics - I
Unit I
Lattice Dynamics – Phonon dispersion spectra for three dimensional monatomic solids,
Density of states, Phonon branches in 3-d solid with a polyatomic basis, Local phonon
modes. Inelastic scattering by phonons, Experimental measurements of phonons,
Phonon heat capacity, Debye model and Born cut-off procedure, Thermal conduction:
lattice thermal conduction and phonon free path, anharmonic effects. Normal and
umklapp process, defect controlled phonon scattering, Heat capacity of amorphous
material.
Unit II
Free Electron Theory- Electrical conductivity, Sommerfeld’s; Wiedmann-Franz law,
Lorentz number, Motion in magnetic fields, Plasmons, Plasma optics, Dispersion
relation for electromagnetic waves, Transverse and longitudinal modes, transparency of
alkali halide crystals in ultraviolet light, Screening effect, Mott metal-insulator transitor,
Polaritons, Electron-electron interaction, Electron-phonon interaction, Polarons.
Unit III
Semi-conductors- Lattice properties of 4th group elements: Structure, physical
constants, influence of impurities, diffusion of impurities, Influence of lattice defects,
Fermi level and electron-hole distribution in energy bands, Models of an impurity semiconductor, Temperature dependence of Fermi level in an extrinsic semi-conductor,
Conductivity and Hall effect in semi-conductors, Constant energy surfaces and effective
mass in Si and Ge, Effect of temperature and impurties in semi-conductors,
Rectification, Schottky barrier, Heterostructures. N-N heterojunction. semi-conductor,
Introduction to amorphous semi-conductors.
Unit IV
Superconductivity- Concept of superconductivity, Meissner effect, Type I and type II
superconductors, Energy gap, Isotope Effect, Microwave and infrared properties,
London equations, Penetration depth, Coherence length, Super-conductivity ground
state, BCS theory, Flux quantization in a ring, Electron tunneling. DC & AC Josephson
Effect, Macroscopic quantum interference. SQUID, Introduction to high Tc superconductors.
Dislocation in Solids- Dislocation stress and strain, Fields of dislocations, Dislocation
multiplication.
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Module 14: Electronics-I
Unit I: Linear Wave Shaping
High Pass and Low Pass RC Networks, Response to Sinusoidal, Step, Pulse, Square
wave, Exponential and Ramp Inputs. High pass RC circuit as a differentiator, Criterion
for good differentiation, Double Differentiation, Low Pass RC circuit as an Integrator.
Laplace Transforms and their application to circuit elements.
Unit II: Amplifiers
Difference Amplifiers, Broadband Amplifiers, Methods for achieving Broadbanding,
Emitter Follower at High Frequencies, Operational Amplifiers and its Applications, IC
741, Active Filters.
Unit III: Power Supplies
Electronically Regulated Power Supplies, Converters and Inverters, High and Low
Voltage Supplies, Application of SCR as Regulator, SMPS.
Unit IV: Integrated Circuit Fabrication Technology
Basic Monolithic Integrated Circuits, Steps involved in the Manufacture of Monolithic
ICs: Epitaxy, Masking, Etching, Diffusion, Metallization, Bonding, Assembling,
Package types. Introduction to VLSI techniques.
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Module 15: Electronics II
Unit I: Logic Hardware
Transistor as a Switch, Switching times: Definition and Derivation: Rise Time, Fall
Time, Storage Time, Delay Time, Turn On Time, Turn Off Time, Charge Control
Analysis.
Logic Specifications: Fan In, Fan Out, Noise Immunity, Noise Margin, Propagation
Delay, Power Dissipation. Logic Families: DTL, DCTL, I2L, ECL, TTL, CMOSL,
CML, HTL.
Unit II: Number Systems and Boolean Algebra
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Number Systems. Binary Arithmetic. Arithmetic
Circuits. Binary Codes: Gray, 8421, 2421, 5211.
Boolean Variables and Operators, Simplification of Boolean Expressions. Karnaugh
Maps.
Unit III: Multivibrators
Astable, Monostable and Bistable Multivibrators. Schmitt Trigger. 555 Timer.
RS, RST, JK, T, D, JK M/S Flip flops, Race problem, Preset and Clear Functions.
Unit IV: Counters and Registers
Binary Counters: Up, Down, Parallel. Modulus Counters: Counter Reset Method, Logic
Gating Method. Ring Counter.
Shift Registers: SISO, PIPO, SIPO, PISO. Universal Shift Register. Tristate Switches,
Tristate Registers.
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Module 16: Lasers and Opto-Electronics - I
Unit I
Laser theory, Einstein Coefficients, Light Amplification, threshold condition, Laser
Rate Equations-two, three and four level systems.
Unit II
Laser power around threshold, optimum output coupling, Line Broadening Mechanisms
– Natural, Collision and Doppler, Optical Resonators – Modes of a rectangular cavity
and open planar resonator, Modes of a Confocal resonator system, General Spherical
resonator, Higher order modes.
Unit III
Essential criterion to observe non linear optical effects.
First experimental
demonstration of non-linear phenomena. Classical theory of non-linear response in one
dimension. Generalization to 3 dimensions. General properties of the polarizability
tensor – Reality condition, Intrinsic symmetry, general form and frequency dependence,
overall symmetry. Second harmonic generation and phase matching techniques. Basic
idea of self-focusing.
Unit IV
Non-linear coupling of 3 waves to produce sum and difference frequencies. Manley
Rowe relations and their significance. Sum and difference frequency generation when
both input frequencies are lasers. Parametric conversion and amplification. Basic idea
of optical phase conjugation.
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Module 17: Lasers and Opto-Electronics - II
Unit I
Optical sources: Direct and Indirect Band Gap materials, Light source Material
Heterojunction structure. Surface Emitting and Edge Emitting LED Quantum
Efficiency, Modulation Capability, analog & Digital Modulation, Laser Diode, Modes
and Threshold Condition, Resonant frequencies, Radiation pattern, Modulation of LD,
Temperature Effect, Modal, Partition and Reflection Noise, Advantages of LD over
LED. Wave length window regions, Basic idea of Quantum dot, Quantum wire Laser
and VCSELs.
Unit II
Photo Detectors: Principle of operation, Performance parameters, Quantum efficiency,
Responsibility, Cut off wave length, Photo detector Material. Frequency Response,
Thermal Noise, Shot-Noise Signal to noise ratio, NEP (Noise Equivalent Power)
structure of PIN and APD, Equivalent Circuit, Temperature effect on Avalanche gain,
CCD, LED and LCD display.
Unit III
Fiber as a guiding medium, Total Internal reflection Acceptance angle Numerical
aperture, types of fiber, Refractive index profiles, Concept of modes, Electromagnetic
analysis of guided modes in symmetric step index planar wave guide and step index
fiber.
Unit IV
Concept of Normalized Frequency, V Parameter, Pulse dispersion in step index fibers.
Concept of Dispersion shifted and Dispersion flattened Fibers, Fiber attenuation,
Misalignment losses, Fiber material, Fiber fabrication, Splices & Connectors.
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Module 18: X-Rays - I
Unit I
Scattering of X-rays, Compton scattering and Thompson’s theory scattering by a pair of
electrons and electron cloud in an atom, Atomic structure factors.
Unit II
Scattering by diatomic and simple polyatomic molecules, Scattering by liquids and
determination of atomic distribution in monatomic liquids, Zernicks Prins Formula.
Unit III
Diffraction of x-rays by Crystals, Laue’s and Bragg’s equations for X-ray diffraction
and their equivalency , Reciprocal lattice, Neutron and electron diffraction, relative
merits and demerits of electron ,neutron and X-ray diffraction, point groups and Space
groups.
Unit IV
Various methods of X-ray diffraction; Collimation and recording of X-ray beam, Laue,
Powder, Rotating/oscillating and moving film methods in details. Interpretation of
diffraction pattern with the help of various tools, factors affecting X-ray intensities.
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Module 19: X-rays - II
Unit I
Production and detection of X-rays, X-ray tubes, Problems in tube design, High Tension
equipments, Ionization Detections methods, X-ray spectrographs and spectrometers:
Single crystal, Double crystal and Bent crystal spectrographic and their resolving
powers.
Unit II
X-ray emission from thin and thick targets, Theories of continuous X-ray spectra:
Sommerfeld’s theory for the spectral distribution frequency spectrum of continuous Xray Experimental spectral and spatial distribution, shortcomings of classical theory,
kramers quantum theory
Unit III
X-ray emission spectra, X-ray energy level diagram, multiple transitions Selection rules,
Spin and Screening doublets, screening parameters and their determination, X-ray
satellites and their origin: Wetzel-Drwyvesteyn theory of high energy satellites, theories
for low energy satellites.
Unit IV
Rearrangement of atomic electrons following inner shell loisation, Radiative transitions,
Auger effect and its consequences in X-ray spectra, Coster-Kronig transitions, the super
coster-Kronig transitions, Fluorescence yield, Auto ionization and internal conversion.
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M.Sc. (PHYSICS), SEMESTER IV
Module 20: Quantum Mechanics - II
Unit – I
Thomas-Fermi model. Self-consistent fields, Hartee-Fock Theory. Heitler-London
Theory of hydrogen molecule, Ortho and para Hydrogen. Bonding and Anti-bonding
orbitals. Valence bond theory, Molecular orbitals. LCAO method.
Unit – II
Relativistic Wave Equations – Klein-Gordon equation, Dirac equation: formulation,
covariant form, proof of covariance, space reflection. Free particle solution and nonrelativistic reduction. Projection operators for energy and spin.
Negative energy states: Zitterbewegung, hole theory.
Central force problems: Hydrogen atom, spin orbit energy, magnetic moment.
Unit – III
Definition of Hamiltonian and Lagrangian for fields. Second quantization of KleinGordon, Schrodinger and Dirac equations. Creation, annihilation and number operators.
Unit – IV
Quantization of radiation field. Absorption, induced and spontaneous emission.
Transition probabilities. Planck’s formula.
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Module 21: Nuclear Physics - II
Unit I
Nuclear two-body problem, Simple theory of deuteron, Spin dependence and noncentral feature of nuclear forces, Partial wave analysis, Low energy n-p scattering,
Scattering length and effective range theory, Low energy p-p scattering, Charge
symmetry and charge independence of nuclear forces, Meson theory of nuclear forces.
Unit II
Nuclear models, Evidence of shell structure, magic numbers and spin-orbit coupling,
extreme single particle model. Predictions of spin, parity and electromagnetic moments,
Collective model-Vibrational and rotational spectra.
Unit III
Classification of elementary particles, Exact conservation laws, Approximate
conservation laws: isospin and isospin wave functions for pion-nucleon system,
strangeness, parity, time reversal and charge conjugation, CP violation.
Unit IV
Eight fold way, Quarks, Quark-Quark interaction, SU (3) quark model, Magnetic dipole
moment of baryons, Masses of hadrons, Basic ideas about the standard model.
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Module 22: Solid State Physics - II
Unit I
Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties- Macroscopic electric field, Local field at an
atom, Clausius-Mosotti equation, Dielectric constant and polarisability, Electronic
Polarisability, Classical theory of electronic polarisability, Structural phase transition,
Soft modes, Antiferroelectricity, Ferroelectric domains, Piezoelectricity.
Unit II
Magnetic properties- Quantum theory of diamagnetism and paramagnetism,
Susceptibility behaviour of paramagnetic systems, super paramagnetism, Behaviour of
Fe and rare earth groups, Quenching of oribital magnetic moments, paramagnetic
moment of metallic solids. Van Vleck paramagnetism, Heisenberg theory, Spin wave
theory for ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems, T3/2 law. Acoustic and optical
magnons, Phase transformation in antiferromagnetic systems, Susceptibility behaviour
of ordered systems, Anisotropy. Domain theory, Bloch wall, Coercivity and Hysterisis.
Amorphous ferromagnets.
Unit III
Band Theory- Bloch theorem, Tight binding approximatin, LCAO method and its
application, derivation of dispersion relation, concepts of effective mass and holes,
Brillouin zones, reduced zone scheme, Shape of bands and their overlapping, Behaviour
of ionic-covalent and metallic solids. Construction of Fermi-surfaces, Methods for the
study of Fermisurfaces, Anomalous Skin Effect, Cyclotron resonance, Extremal orbits,
Landau energy levels, Magnetic subbands, Landau diamagnetism, de Hass-van Alphen
Effect, Shubnikov-de Hass effect, Quantum Hall Effect.
Unit IV
Electronic and optical properties- The upper filled band and the conduction band in
ionic crystals, Excitons, Qualitative discussion of lattice defects and their influence on
electronic levels, Colour centers, Luminescence, thallium activated alkali halides.
General – Alloys: Substitutional solid solution, Order disorder transformation, Phase
diagrams, Elementary theory of order, Transition metal alloys and KONDO effects.
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Module 23: Electronics III
Unit I: Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation, Spectrum of the modulated signal, Square law Modulator,
Balanced Modulator, DSBSC, SSB and vestigial sideband modulation. Limitations of
Amplitude Modulation.
Unit II: Frequency Modulation
Analysis and frequency Spectrum, Generation and Detection of FM. Comparison of AM
and FM. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis. Reactance Modulator. Capture Effect.
Varactor Modulator. Amplitude Limiter. FM Receiver. Foster Seely Discriminator.
Ratio Detector.
Unit III: Television
TV Camera tubes, Image Orthicon, Vidicon, Plumbicon. Interlaced Scanning.
Transmitter/Receiver. Synchronization. Resolution. TV Signal. Vestigial Sideband
Modulation. B/W TV Receiver Block Diagram. Sync. Separator. Vertical and
Horizontal deflection circuits. Principles of Colour TV. Chroma Modulation. Colour
Picture Tube.
Unit IV: Digital Communication:
Digital Line Waveforms: Symbols, Bits and Bauds. Functional Notation for Pulses, Line
Codes and Waveforms. M-ary encoding.
Pulse Modulation: Pulse Amplitude, Pulse Code, Pulse Frequency, Pulse Time, Pulse
Position and Pulse Width Modulation. Differential PCM, Delta Modulation.
Digital Communication System. Digital Carrier System. Frequency Shift Keying. Phase
Shift Keying. Differential Phase Shift Keying. Digital Multiplexing.
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Module 24: Electronics IV
Unit I: Combinational Logic Circuits
Pin out Diagrams, Truth Tables, Working.
Decoders: 1-of-4 IC 74AS139, 1-of-16 IC 74154
BCD to Decimal Decoder IC 7445, BCD to Seven Segment Decoder Driver: IC 7447A,
7448.
Encoders: Decimal Priority Encoder IC 74147
Multiplexers: IC 74151, Implememtation of Boolean Function
Demultiplexers: 1-of-16 Demultiplexer/ Decoder.
Unit II: Memories
Memory Devices: Read Only Memories, Masked Memory, ROM, Programmable ROM,
EPROM.
Random Access Memory: Static and Dynamic, Bipolar Ram Cell, Static RAM cell.
Unit III: A/D and D/A Converters
Weighted Resistor D/A Converter, Ladder Network D/A Converter. D/A Converter
Specifications: Resolution, Accuracy, Linearity, Settling Time, Temperature Sensitivity.
Flash A/D Converter, Ramp A/D Converter, Successive Approximation A/D Converter.
Unit IV: Microprocessors and Displays:
LED Displays: Common Anode Display FND 507, FND 567.Common Cathode Display
FND 500, FND 560. Flat Panel Displays(LCD, Plasmas etc.) and their addressing
techniques. Smart Windows.
Intel Microprocessors: Historical Perspective. Organization of Microprocessor based
system. 8085: Programming model. Registers, Accumulator, Flags, Program Counter,
Stack Pointer. 8085 Instruction Set: Data Transfer Operation, Arithmetic Operations,
Logic Operations, Branching Operations, One, Two and Three Byte Instructions,
Opcode Format.
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Module 25: Lasers and Opto-Electronics - III
Unit I
Conventional versus holographic photography, Hologram of a point source, hologram of
an extended object, Off-axis technique in the recording of holograms. Three
dimensional holograms – Reflection holograms. Basic idea of holographic data storage,
Holographic interferometry – double exposure, real time, time average holographic
interferometry. Optical correlation. Fourier Transform holograms and their use in
character recognition.
Unit II
Optical data processing (basic idea). Abbe’s theory. Spatial filters – low pass, high
pass, band pass filters. Fraunhofer Diffraction and the Fourier Transform –
mathematical concept. Young’s experiment. Michelson Stellar interferometer and its
limitation. Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometer. Classical and quantum
coherence functions, first and second order coherence, coherent states. Discussion of
Young’s experiment in quantum mechanical terms.
Unit III
Losses in the cavity – quality factor, line width of the Laser, Mode selection –
Transverse and longitudinal, free spectral range and finesse of etalon, Q – Switching –
Peak Power, Total Energy, Pulse duration, Techniques for Q- Switching- Mechanical,
electro-optic and acousto-optic. Mode locking in lasers – Theory, Techniques for mode
locking – Acousto-optic and electro-optic.
Unit IV
Laser Systems – Ruby Laser, He-Ne Laser, Nd:YAG, Nd: Glass, CO2 Laser, Excimer
Laser, Free Electron Lasers – Introduction, Single particle dynamics, wiggler, electron
Trajectory, FEL Gain, Spontaneous Emission, effect of input wave polarization on FEL
gain, Properties of Lasers – Directionality, Coherence etc.
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Module 26: Lasers and Opto-Electronics - IV
Unit I
Quantization of Analog signal, A/D & D/A conversion, Bit Rate, Pulse Code
Modulation, NRZ, RZ and Manchester Coding, Base Line Wander Effect, Advantages
of Optical Communication, Eye pattern Technique Time Division Multiplexing, Wave
length Division Multiplexing WDM Devices, Multiplexers & De-Multiplexers.
Unit II
Direct Detection and Coherent Heterodyne Detection concept of Optical frequency
Division Multiplexing, NEP Heterodyne, Optical Amplifiers, Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier, Semi Conductor Optical Amplifier, Fiber Bragg Grating, System Design,
Power Budget, Band width Budget and Rise Time Budget Calculations.
Unit III
Electromagnetic analysis of guided modes in symmetric step index planar waveguide.
Basic idea of asymmetric planar waveguides. Basic idea of slab guide geometries: strip,
raised strip, embedded strip, ridge, strip coated guides.
Beam and waveguide couplers: Transverse couplers, the prism-coupler, the Grating
coupler, the thin-film tapered coupler, wave guide-to-fiber couplers.
Unit IV
Electro-optic Effects, Acousto-optic Effect, Raman-Nath, Acousto-optic modulator,
Bragg modulator, Acousto-optic deflectors, Acousto-optic spectrum analyzer.
Fabrication of Integrated optical Devices: Methods used to produce wave guiding
layers, substrate preparation, cleaning of the substrate, Sputtering and Dipping, Ion
migration.
Idea of Remote Sensing.
Fiber optic sensors: Phase and polarization fiber sensors, Intrinsic sensors, Extrinsic
fiber sensors, Gyroscope, Sagnac Effect etc.
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Module 27: X-Rays - III
Unit I
Derived charge distribution and a comparison with Hartee-Fock and Thomas-Fermi
models, Intensity of scattering from free electrons. Klein Nisima formula (no
derivation), Comparison with experiments.
Unit II
Dispersion theory applied to x-rays, Anomalous dispersion, The forced, Damped
oscillations of an electron and dielectric constant of the medium. Significance of
complex dielectric constant. The index of refraction,experimental methods for
measuring the refractive index.
Unit III
Crystal structure factor calculation for fcc, bcc, hcp lattice, Space lattice extinction,
Relative merits of crystal structure determination. The phase problem and various
methods of its solution, trial and error methods, optical method, Fourier and Patterson
methods.
Unit IV
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) from crystalline and non-crystalline materials;
General theory; scattering by a single particle, group of particles. Experimental
consideration for construction of SAXS apparatus, method of interpretation and
comparison of experimental SAXS results and its application to the study of metals,
alloys, polymers, finally dispersed solid, large molecules etc.
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Module 28: X-Rays - IV
Unit I
X-ray absorption, Absorption coefficients, Characteristic absorption limits and
associated fine structure. Theory of absorption curve shape, Nature of the main
absorption edge and the white line.
Unit II
Long Range Order and Short Range Order theories of X-ray absorption fine structure,
Kronig theory, Hayasi modification of Kronig Theory Single and double potential
model of Lytle. Chemical shifts in X-ray emission and absorption spectra.
Unit III
Soft X-ray spectroscopy, experimental methods and its use in the study of band
structure of solids, Chemical analysis by X-ray emission, absorption and fluorescence
spectroscopy.
Unit IV
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ESCA, its principle and applications in the study of
solid surfaces, Auger electron spectroscopy and Appearance potential spectroscopy.
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M.Sc. (PHYSICS ) – SEMESTERS III/ IV
PRACTICALS
Module 29: GENERAL EXPERIMENTS
List of Experiments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hall Effect
E.S.R.
Four Probe
Forbidden Energy Gap
GM Counter
β-Energy
Klystron
Module 30: ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS
List of Experiments:
1. Study of Digital Circuits.
2. Study of Emitter Follower.
3. Study of Difference Amplifier.
4. Study of Schmitt Trigger.
5. Study of PAM, PWM, PPM.
6. Study of PCM Receiver and Transmitter.
7. Study of OPAMP Characteristics.
8. Study of OPAMP Applications.
9. Study of Analog to Digital Converters.
10. Study of Digital to Analog Converters.
11. Study of Multivibrators.
12. Study of 555 Timer.
13. Study of ALU IC 74181.
14. Study of Microprocessor IC 8085
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Module 31: LASERS & OPTO-ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS
List of Experiments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Study of characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Detector
Study of frequency response of optical receiver
To study attenuation in optical fibers
To find numerical aperture of optical fibers
Study of noise in an optical receiver
To study Abbe’s Theory of image formation and spatial filtering
To study diffraction pattern using a software controlled set-up
Self-imaging
To study microbending losses in an optical fiber
Study of pulse amplitude modulation and time division multiplexing
Study of Digital data communication
Module 32: X-ray Experiments
List of Experiments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To take the powder photograph of Cu & W and index it
To take the Laue photograph of KCl and index it
To determine the wavelength of Kα & Kβ lines of Mo by means of Muller
spectrograph
To take the 15 oscillation photograph of KDP crystal and hence index the
Reflection spot
To take absorption spectra using bent crystal cauchois type spectrography
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SYLLABUS
M.Sc. Electronics, Semesters I, II, III & IV
((FFoorr tthhee sseessssiioonn 22000099-- 22001100 aanndd oonnw
waarrddss))
This is a two years (4- Semester) course. There will be 16 Theory modules (Papers) each
with maximum marks 50. In addition students will be required to take examination in four
modules of laboratory experiments, each module with maximum marks 100. The laboratory
experiments in semester IV will also include project work. The details are given below:
SSeem
meesstteerr –– II
Module E-01 : CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS
Module E-02 : PHYSICS OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
Module E-03 : MATHEMATICAL & COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ELECTRONICS
Module E-04 : ELECTROMAGNETICS, ANTENNA AND PROPAGATION
Module E-05 : PRACTICAL
SSeem
meesstteerr –– IIII
Module E-06 : CONTROL SYSTEM
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Module E-08 : LINEAR WAVE SHAPING, AMPLIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES
Module E-09 : PULSE AND WAVE SHAPING NETWORKS
Module E-10 : PRACTICAL
SSeem
meesstteerr –– IIIIII
Module E-11 : FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS
Module E-12 : COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS
Module E-13 : IC TECHNOLOGY AND VLSI DESIGNING
Module E-14 : MICROPROCESSOR & INTERFACING
Module E-15 : PRACTICAL
SSeem
meesstteerr –– IIVV
Module E-16 : COMPUTER PROGRAMMING WITH C AND INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
Module E-17 : OPTO ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
Module E-18 : COMPUTER NETWORKS
Module E-19 : Elective: Any one to be chosen from the following
Module E-19 A : THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY
Module E-19 B : POWER ELECTRONICS
Module E-19 C : BASICS OF VHDL AND PROGRAMMING
Module E-19 D : RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Module E-20 : PRACTICAL (Laboratory Experiments and Project)
M.Sc. (Electronics), Semester – I
((FFoorr tthhee SSeessssiioonn 22000099--22001100 aanndd oonnw
waarrddss))
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Module E-01: Classical and Quantum Mechanics
Unit – I
The Lagrangian formulation and equations of motion, applications of Lagrangian formulationAtwood’s machine, bead sliding on a rotating wire.
Hamilton’s principle, calculus of
variation and its applications. Extension of Hamilton’s principle to non holonomic systemsexample of rolling on inclined plane.
Unit – II
Hamiltonian formulation and equations of motion, modified Hamilton’s principle, principle of
least action. Cyclic coordinates and conservation theorems. Derivation of Hamilton’s
equations from variational principle. Normal coordinates, normal modes of vibration,
application to coupled oscillators.
Unit – III
Origin of quantum theory, Time dependent Schrodinger equation and wave packets, RayleighSchrodinger time-independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate and degenerate systems,
first and second order perturbation theory. Applications of perturbation theory-Zeeman and
Stark effect.
Unit – IV
Matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. Dirac notation, Schrodinger, Heisenberg and
Interaction pictures, Harmonic oscillator, quantization of an LC circuit with a source, Radiation
field interaction with matter.
Module E-02: Physics of Electronic Materials
Unit – I
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Lattice Dynamics: Lattice heat capacity, Einstein model, Debye model, Heat capacity of glasses
& Amorphous solids. Thermal expansion, Thermal conductivity, Lattice thermal resistivity,
Umklapp processes, Heat capacity of amorphous materials.
Unit – II
Dielectrics, Ferroelectrics & Magnetic Properties : Frequency dependence of dielectric
function, polarization, Dielectric constant& polarisability, Dielectric losses, Ferroelectric
crystals, Anti Ferro electricity, Ferro electric domains, Piezoelectricity, Ferro electricity, Dia
Para & Ferro magnetism, Ferrites and their behaviour at high frequencies.
Unit – III
Semiconductors: Lattice properties of fourth group elements, Structure, Physical constants,
influence of impurities & Lattice defects, Fermi level, electron- hole distribution in energy
bands, temperature dependence of Fermi-level, Hall effect in semiconductors, Constant energy
surfaces and effective mass in Si & Ge, Amorphous semiconductors.
Unit – IV
Super conductivity and Liquid crystals: Meissner effect, London equations, BCS theory,
Josephson effect, High tc superconductors, Types of liquid crystals and their mesomorphous
phases, Applications of liquid crystals, Elementary Theory of Order, Transition Metal Alloys.
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Module E-03: Mathematical & Computational Methods in Electronics
Unit – I
Differential equations and their solutions: Special functions and their properties. Bessel and
Legendre polynomials. Laplace, Fourier and Z- transforms, their properties and applications in
electronics.
Unit – II
Signal and system modelling concept: Examples of systems, signal models, energy and power
spectral densities, Introduction to system modelling concepts, Impulse response of a fixed
linear system. Convolution correlation, Auto correlation function.
Unit – III
Methods of numerical analysis: Finite difference with equal and unequal intervals,
Interpolation formulae, Errors and accuracy tests in numerical analysis, the iterative algorithms
for solving equations and finding roots, Discrete Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform.
Unit –IV
Practical consideration: Convergence rate accuracy, Introduction to linear systems, triangular
system, Factorization methods for solving AX : b : partial pivoting strategy- Solving Linear
system using Gaussian elimination methods.
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Module E-04: Electromagnetics, Antenna and Propagation
Unit – I
Maxwell’s equations, Vector and Scalar potentials, Wave equations, Gauge Transformation,
Poynting’s Theorem, Plane Waves in a Non- Conducting medium. Reflection and refraction of
electromagnetic waves, propagation of waves in a conducting medium.
Unit – II
Fields and radiation of a localized source, electric dipole fields and radiation, magnetic dipole
and electric quadrupole fields. Centre fed linear Antenna, the antenna as a boundary value
problem. Scattering by induced dipoles.
Unit – III
Transmission lines, Reflection Coefficient and impedance, Smith chart- Measurement of
impedance, Measurement of standing wave ratio, Coaxial lines, Twin wire transmission line,
Micro strip line, Stubs and Baluns.
Unit – IV
Wave guides, modes in a rectangular wave guide. Energy flow and attenuation in wave guides,
measurement technique, Impedance measurement, Phase and group velocities, dispersion.
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Module E-05: PRACTICAL
List of Experiments:
01
Michelson Interferometer
02
Polarisation
03
Single Stage Amplifier
04
Zener Diode
05
Hall Effect
06
E.S.R.
07
Energy Band Gap (Four Probe)
08
Forbidden Energy Gap
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M.Sc. (Electronics), Semester – II
Module E-06: Control System
UNIT I
The Control Systems, Basic components of control system, Open-loop and closed-loop
systems, Transfer functions of linear systems, block diagrams. Signal flow graphs, their
properties and gain formula, Transfer functions of discrete-data systems.
UNIT II
Stability of linear control systems: BIBO and Asymptotic stability, Routh-Hurwitz criterion,
Stability of discrete-data systems, Time response of continuous-data systems, Steady-state
error. Step, ramp and parabolic inputs
UNIT III
Transient response. Unit-step response for a proto-type second order system, damping ratio
and damping factor, natural undamped frequency, Maximum overshoot, delay time and rise
time, settling time. Effect of adding poles and zeroes to transfer functions, Root locus
techniques, properties and constructions of the Root loci.
UNIT IV
Frequency response, Mr , r and bandwidth of the proto-type second order system, Nyquist
stability criterion, Nyquist path, Application to systems with minimum phase transfer
functions. Design of Control systems, specifications and principles, compensation schemes,
PD, PI and PID Controllers.
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M
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Unit – I
Boolean algebra, Truth tables Logic gates: OR, AND, Inverter gates, The Universal NOR and
NAND gates, XOR and XNOR gates, De-Morgan’s Theorem, Reduction Technique Karnaugh
map simplification. Parity check. The half adder, the Full adder, Parallel binary adder, half and
full subtractors.
Unit – II
Mono-stable and bi-stable multi vibrators, Schmitt trigger Latches, R.S. Flip/Flop, The D.Flip/Flop, T.Flip/Flop, J.K.
Flip/flop, Master/ slave flip/flop, Race Problem, Binary Ripple counter, modified counters using Negative feedback.
Unit – III
Shift Registers: Universal Shift Register, shift counter, Ring Counter, D/A converter and A/D
converter. Simultaneous and Counter method of A/D converter, Successive Approximation
method, Seven segment LED display, BCD to seven segment decoder.
Unit – IV
Transistor as a Switch, TTL integrated circuits, CMOS integrated circuit. Logic families and
their characteristics, comparing Logic families, Interfacing. Introduction to VHDL and
Programming techniques.
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Module E-08: Linear Wave Shaping, Amplifiers and Power Supplies
Unit I
Laplace transforms and their applications to circuit analysis. Linear circuit elements.
R.C. Networks, High pass and Low pass R.C. circuits, Response to various waveforms,
Integrating and differentiating circuits.
Unit II
D.C. Amplifiers, Differential amplifiers, long tail pairs, high frequency amplifiers,
broadband amplifiers, methods of achieving broadbanding. Emitter follower at high
frequencies, Bode plots, Power amplifiers, Complementary emitter follower and its
applications, Cascode amplifiers.
Unit III
Electronically regulated power supplies, high and low voltage supplies. Inverters for
high voltage applications of SCR in regulating power supplies, IC 723,Switch mode
power supply.
Unit IV
Operational amplifiers and their applications, Active filters, IC 741, thermal noise,
transistor noise, Noise calculations and measurements. Signal to noise ratio, Noise
figure and its calculation.
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Module E-09: Pulse and Wave Shaping Networks
Unit – I
Network Theory : Terminology and Notation, Equivalence of T & Configurations, Network
Theorems- Superposition Theorem , Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem, Maximum Power
Transfer theorem, Network analysis using matrices, Loop-currents and Node- Potentials,
Transient and Steady- State response of some electric circuits.
Unit – II
RC,RL AND,RLC Networks : Transient and steady-state response of a High-Pass RC Circuit
connected to a square-wave generator of finite impedance. Response of a high pass RC circuit
to a Trapezoidal waveform, Quantitative study of “Tilt” introduced in a square wave when
propagated through an RC Network, Distortion in Square-wave pulse transmitted through an
amplifier.
Unit – III
Distributed networks and Transformers: Quantitative study of Shunt-Capacitor filter and
Series- Inductor Filter, Transformer model and its equivalent circuit, Quantitative study of
Pulse-response of a transformer.
Unit – IV
Clipping, Comparator and Clamping Circuits: Clipping Circuits, Diode clipper, Break region,
Transfer Characteristics, Limiting by Bottoming, Clipping at two independent levels.
Comparator circuits, Diode Differentiator Comparator, Operation of a Diode Clamping Circuit,
Response of a Clamping circuit to a Transient wave form (quantitative), Quantitative analysis of
Steady-State output wave form of a Clamping Circuit for a Square-Wave input.
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Module E-10: Practical
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1.
Universal Shift Register.
2.
Clipper and Clamper
3.
A/D, D/A Converter
4.
Binary Arithmetic
5.
Programmable Array/Logic Array
6.
Multiplexer IC Encoding and Decoding
7.
Solving Boolean Equations
8.
To solve a five variable Boolean expression using single IC 74150
9.
2’s Compliment
10.
PID Controller
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M.Sc. (Electronics), Semester – III
Module E-11: Fiber and Integrated Optics
Unit – I
Modal analysis of guided modes in symmetric step-index planar wave-guides, Optical
fiber- numerical aperture, V-parameter, refractive index profile, classification, Modal
analysis for a step-index fiber. Approximate technique of study of propagation
characteristics of graded index fibers.
Unit – II
Pulse dispersion in optical fiber, attenuation, losses. Polarization maintaining fibers
Concept of dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fiber. Misalignment fiber losses.
Splices and connectors. Fiber materials. Fabrication of optical fibers.
Unit – III
Laser Principle –Einstein’s coefficients, rate equations of three and four level lasers,
Ruby laser, He-Ne laser. Free Electron Laser (qualitative). Properties of laser. Fiberoptic sensors, intensity modulated sensors, interferometric sensors. Sagnac effect, fiber
gyroscope. Application of polarization maintaining fibers. Basic idea of Optical soliton
in optical fibres..
Unit – IV
Modes in an asymmetric planar waveguide. Fabrication of integrated optical deviceschannel, rib and strip waveguides Electro-optic modulators and switches – directional
coupler, Phase modulator-Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulator and switch. Acoustooptic effect. Acousto-optic modulators-Raman Nath modulators, Bragg type modulators.
Prism, grating and tapered coupler. Fiber- Bragg Grating.
.
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Module E-12: Communication Electronics
Unit I: Antennas and Arrays
Antennas: Introduction, Short electric doublet, Power radiated, Radiation resistance and
Radiation pattern, Half wave antenna and Quarter wave antenna, current distribution on
resonant and non resonant antennas, effect of ground, Antenna arrays: Broadside and
End-fire arrays, Directors and Reflectors, Yagi Uda antenna, antenna feeding and
impedance matching.
Unit II: Frequency Modulation
Analysis and frequency spectrum, Noise suppression, Capture effect, pre-emphasis and
de-emphasis, Reactance modulator, Varactor modulator, FM generation using Voltage
controlled Oscillator, Foster Seely Discriminator and Ratio detector, VCO and PLL FM
demodulator, Automatic frequency control.
Unit III: Television
TV camera tubes, Image Orthicon, Vidicon and Plumbicon, Interlaced scanning,
Transmitter/ Receiver , Synchronization, Resolution, TV signal, Vestigial Sideband
modulation, Block diagram of B/W TV receiver, Varactor tuning, Synn. Separator and
vertical/ horizontal circuits, Principles of Colour Television, Colour subcarrier and
Chroma Modulation, Colour Picture tube.
Unit IV: Digital Communication
Sampling and Pulse Code Modulation, Signal Reconstruction, Aliasing, Advantages of
Digital Communication, Quantizing, Compandor, Encoder, Transmission Bandwidth
and Output SNR, T1 Carrier System, Synchronizing and Signalling, Differential Pulse
Code Modulation, Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation, Output SNR,
Comparison with PCM.
Principles of Digital data transmission, Line Coding, Bipolar Signalling, Nyquist
Criterion for zero ISI, Pulse generation, Scrambling, Regenerative Repeater, Eye
Diagram, Detection Error Probability, M-ary Communication, Digital Carrier Systems,
M-ary QAM, Digital Multiplexing, Digital Hierarchy.
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Module E-13: IC TECHNOLOGY AND VLSI DESIGNING
Unit I
Crystal Lattice, Lattice Defects, Manufacture of Metallurgical Grade Silicon,
Manufacture of Electronic Grade Silicon, Czochralski and Float Zone Refining
Techniques , Wafer Preparation (Silicon Shaping Operations). Vapour Phase Epitaxy.
Unit II
Thermal Oxidation, Other techniques of Oxidation, Theory of Diffusion, Methods of
Diffusion, Ion Implantation, Masking, Steps in the masking of a top contact PNP
transistor, Photolithography, Step and Repeat Process, Pinhole and Multilens Camera
technique.
Unit III
Etching: Traditional and Modern techniques. Bonding: Die Bonding, Wedge Bonding,
Ball Bonding, Stitch Bonding, Ultrasonic Bonding. Assembling: Circuit Probing,
Scribing, Packages: DIPs, PGA, SO, CC, Flatpack. Silicon monolithic Assembly,
Multichip Assembly, Thin Film Assembly, Encapsulation, Testing.
Unit IV
Process Control Methods: Yield and Reliability, Causes of IC Failure, VLSI process
Integration: NMOS IC Technology, CMOS IC Technology, Bipolar IC Technology.
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Module E-14: MICROPROCESSOR & INTERFACING
Unit I
Introduction to Microprocessor, Microprocessor 8085: PIN Out and Signals, Internal
architecture, Flags, Program counter. Introduction to 8085 Instruction Set: Data
Transfer, Arithmetic & Logical Instruction, Branch and machine Code, OP-Code
Format, Addressing Mode Timing Diagram. Machine Cycle.
Unit II
Subroutine and Sub programming, CALL and RETURN, STACK, PUSH & POP, 8085
Interrupts, RST Code; SID, SOD, RIM and SIM; Delay Program Calculation, Memory
Organization. Introduction to 8086, BUS Interface and Execution unit, Register and
Memory Organization.
Unit III
Addressing and Interfacing, Basic Interfacing Concept, Introduction to I/O and Memory
Mapped Techniques, Handshaking, Interfacing I/O devices, Display, Keyboard,
Generating Control Signals, De Multiplexing of address Bus, Programming Technique,
Interfacing 8155, Programmable I/O Ports and Timer IC, Programmable Peripheral
Interface 8255 with 8085.
Unit IV
Programmable Interval Timer 8254 (8253) and Interfacing to 8085, Basic Concepts of
Serial I/O, Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission, ASCII Characters, BIT and
BAUD rate, Data Communication, MODEM, Rs-232, 825/A USART, Line Driver and
Line Receiver, Introduction to DMA Controller 8257, Interrupt Controller 8259.
Module E-15: Practical
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List of Experiments:
Electronics Experiments
1.
Study of Schmitt Trigger
2.
Study of Multivibrators
3.
Study of ALU IC-74181
4.
Study of Microprocessor 8085 & 8086
Lasers & Opto Electronics Experiments
1.
Characteristics of LED and PIN Photodetector
2.
Frequency Response of an Optical Receiver
3.
Attenuation in an Optical Fiber
4.
Abbe’s Theory of Image formation
M.Sc. (Electronics), Semester – IV
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Module E-16: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING WITH C AND
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
Unit I
Introduction to C. Data types, Constants, Variables and arrays, Strings, Declarations,
Expressions, Statements, Symbolic constants. Operators: Arithmetic, binary, relation for
common operations. Operator precedence and associativity. Bitwise operations. Special
operators. Data input and output. Single character input and output. Formatted input and
output, String input and output. Control statements: the while and do-while statements;
the for statement; nested loops, if-else statement; the switch statement; the break
statement; the continue statement; the comma operator; the go to statement.
Unit II
Functions; defining a function; accessing a function; passing arguments to a function;
specifying argument data types. String-handling function. Recursion. Storage classes;
automatic, external, static and register variables. Arrays; defining and processing,
passing arrays to a function, multi-dimensional arrays, initialization.
Unit III
Pointers: declaration; passing pointers to a function; pointers and one dimensional
arrays; operations on pointers; pointers and multidimensional arrays; arrays of pointers;
passing function to other functions. Structures and unions defining and processing a
structure; structures and pointers; passing structure to a function; self referential unions.
Unit IV
User-defined data types. Enumerations. Bit fields. Dynamic memory allocation. Data
files; defining, opening and closing a file; input/output operations on files; error
handling; random access to files. Multifile programs command line parameters, Macros.
C. preprocesser, Introduction to MATLAB.
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Module E-17: OPTO ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
Unit I
The basic communication system, Advantages of fiber optic communication, Elements
of optical fiber communication link. Optical sources, Light emitting diode structure,
material, operating characteristics, modulation capability, rise time, Laser diode
structure and operating characteristics, modal properties, radiation pattern, modulation
of Laser diode, threshold condition and temperature effects.
Unit II
Light detectors, Principle of photo detection, Performance parameters of photo diode,
Quantum efficiency, responsivity, detector response time, PIN photodiode, Avalanche
photo diode, Temperature effect, Frequency response of photodiode, Effect of drift time,
junction capacitance, Various types of noises, signal to noise ratio and Noise equivalent
to power (NEP) of photodiode.
Unit III
Digital modulation formats, Quantization, Bit rate, Pulse Code Modulation, Line
Coding, RZ, NRZ and Manchester coding, Eye pattern, time division multiplexing,
Direct detection and coherent heterodyne detection, Advantages, NEP Heterodyne,
Optical frequency division multiplexing.
Unit IV
Wave length Division multiplexing, DWDM, Optical multiplexer and demultiplexer
design, ADD/DROP Multiplexer, EDFA, Fiber Bragg Grating system design,
Component choice, Power, Rise time and Bandwidth budget, receiver sensitivity, dbm
scale; Dispersion and attenuation, consideration in link length calculations.
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Module E-18: Computer Networks
Unit I
Introduction: Uses of Computer networks. Network hardware. Network software. The
OSI reference model. The TCP/IP reference model. The B-ISDN and ATM reference
model. The Physical layer. Bandwidth – limited signals. The maximum data rate of a
channel. Transmission media. The telephone lines and modem. Circuit switching and
packet switching. Narrowband ISDN.
Unit II
The data link layer. Services provided to the network layer. Framing. Flow control.
Error control, Error detection and correction. Elementary data link protocols; the
unrestricted simplex protocol, the simplex stop and wait protocol, a simplex protocol for
a noisy channel. Sliding window protocol, the one bit sliding window protocol, the
protocol using go back n, the protocol using selective repeat. The data link layer in the
Internet; Point – to – point protocol. Introduction to the data link layer in ATM.
Unit III
ALOHA, pure and slotted ALOHA. Carrier Sense Multiple Access protocols, persistent
and non-persistent CSMA, CSMA with Collision Detection. Collision free protocols,
Bitmap protocol, binary countdown, limited–contention protocols, IEEE standard 802
for LANs and MANs Ethernet. Token bus and Token ring. Fast ethernet.
Unit IV
Datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Introduction to routing algorithms and the
optimality principle. The IP protocol; IP addresses; subnets IP v6. Introduction to the
network layer in ATM networks. Elements of transport protocols, Network security.
Traditional cryptography, substitution ciphers and Transposition ciphers. Secret – key
algorithms; data Encryption, Public Key Encryption and Digital signature.
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Module E-19A: Thin Film Technology
Unit I
Kinetic theory of gases, evaporation theory, physical vapour deposition methods,
vacuum conditions during evaporation, Design and characteristics of vacuum systems,
Evaporation sources and Techniques, substrate Deposition.
Unit II
Sputtering yield, dc sputtering R – F sputtering, Magnetron sputtering, Ion – beam
sputtering, thin film Monitoring Techniques, Quartz crystal monitors, optical methods of
monitoring, Electrical methods of monitoring, Ionization monitors.
Unit III
Thin film characterization Techniques, X-ray diffraction, low and high energy electron
diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, ESCA, Electron Microscopy, AFM.
Unit IV
Properties of thin Film Passive circuit elements, Properties of thin film active elements;
Thin film diods, transistors, Hot electron amplifier, Thin film micro-circuitry: Basic
processing steps, preparation of drawings, photographic Techniques, Mask fabrication,
'In contact' Masks, 'Out of contact' Masks, of substrate materials. Thin film Image
sensors, Lithography.
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Module E-19B: Power Electronics
Unit I
Types of power electronic circuits, power semiconductor devices, thyristor
characteristics, Two Transistor model, Turn on and Turn off, Series and parallel
operation, Thyristor communication spice thyristor model, UJT, Programmable UJT. P
Spia Simulation.
Unit II
Controlled rectifiers, Single phase semi, full and dual converters, single phase series
converter, power factor improvement, Extinction Angle control, Symmetrical angle
control, Pulse width modulation control, Sinusoidal pulse width modulation, Ac voltage
controllers, on off and phase control, Single phase bi-directional controllers.
Unit III
DC choppers, step up and step and down operation, classification of choppers, switching
mode regulators, single phase Invertors, Voltage control of single phase invertors,
Current source invertors, Resonant pulse converters.
Unit IV
Cycloconvertors, single and three phase cycloconvertors; Reduction of output
harmonics, Power supplies, Switched mode AC power supplies, Arrangement of UPS
system, Protection of Devices and Circuits, Snubber circuits, supply and load side
transients, voltage protection by selenium diodes and metal oxide, Varistors, fusing AC
and DC switches.
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Module E-19C: BASICS OF VHDL AND PROGRAMMING
Unit I
Writing Entities for Digital circuits, Scalar Data Types and Operations, Object Types:
constants, variables, signal and files; Data Types: scalar, integer, floating, physical,
enumeration, type declarations, sub types, expressions and operators for these data
types; Sequential statements: If, case, Null, Loop, Exit, Next statements, While loops,
For loops, Assertion and Report statements; Composite Arrays: Arrays, Array
aggregates, unconstrained array types, strings, Bit vector, Standard logic Array, Array
operation and record.
Unit II
Behavioral Modeling: Process statements, variable and signal assignments, inertial and
transport delay models, signal drivers, multiple and postponed processes; Dataflow
Modeling: Concurrent signal assignment, multiple drivers, block statement; Structural
Modeling: Component declaration, component instantiation, resolving signal values;
Configuration: Basic configuration, configuration for structure modeling, mapping
library entities; Generics: Generic AND,NAND,OR,NOR,XOR and XNOR gates,
functions and subprograms.
Unit III
Writing a test bench, converting real and integers to time, dumping and reading from
text file, VHDL modeling of basic gates, half and full adder of AOI, IOA, OAI,
multiplexes, decoders (dataflow, behavioral, and structural modeling), three state driver,
parity checker, D, T, JK, and SR flip flops, flip flops with preset and clear, modeling for
multiplexers, priority encoder, ALU etc., modeling regular structures, delays,
conditional operations, synchronous logic, state machine modeling, Moore and Mealy
machines, generic priority encoder, clock divider, shift registers, pulse counter etc..
Unit IV
PLD devices, PROM, PAL, EPLD, GAL, FPGA, FLGA, DRAM etc. and their
applications, FPGA programming, design exercise, ASIC design using CAD tools.
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Module 19 D – Renewable Energy Sources
Unit I
Classification of energy sources, quality and concentration of energy sources; Overview of
world energy scenario; Fossil fuel reserves – estimates, duration, overview of India’s energy
scenario, energy and development linkage.
Earth and Sun Relation: solar radiation, its measurement and prediction; solar angles, day
length, angle of incidence on tilled surface; Sunpath diagrams; Analysis of Indian solar
radiation data and applications.
Unit II
Flat plate solar collectors and concentrating solar collectors; solar cookers; solar water
heaters; solar stills; solar dryers; solar ponds; solar thermal refrigeration systems and other
solar thermal energy systems.
Principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy; p-n junction: Monocrystalline,
Ploycrystalline and morphous silicon solar cells and modules; solar cell array system analysis
and performance prediction; SPV systems like lantern; street lights; water pumping systems;
etc. Stand-alone and grid-connected SPV systems.
Unit III
Atmospheric circulations; classification; factors influencing wind; wind shear; turbulence;
wind speed monitoring; Betz limit; Wind energy conversion principles; General introduction;
Types and classification of WECS; Power, torque and speed characteristics.
Hydropower, Overview of micro, mini and small hydro systems; Hydrology; Elements of
pumps and turbine; Selection and design criteria of pumps and turbines; Potential of small
hydro power in North East India.
Unit IV
Formation of biomass, photosynthesis; Biomass resources: Classification and characteristics;
Techniques for biomass assessment; Biomass estimation. Different methods of biomass
conversion like thermo-chemical,chemical, biological and waste. Biogas plants and Biomass
gasifiers and other power generation systems.
Geothermal; ocean temperature gradient, tides and waves. Hydrogen energy. Fuel cells.
Thermal, electrical, mechanical and chemical energy storage systems.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS:
Thermal efficiency of a flat-plate solar collector; Figures of merit of a box-type solar cooker;
Thermal efficiency of concentrating solar cooker; Thermal performance of a solar still;
Electrical characteristics of mono-crystalline and polycrystalline solar cells/modules and
horizontal shadow angle and vertical shadow angle at a given site.
Module 20: PRACTICAL
Electronics
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1. Study of Emitter Follower
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Computer
Programming with C
Thin Film
Laser & Optoelectronics
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2. Study of Timer 555
3. Study of Difference Amplifier
4. Study of OPAMP Characteristics
5. Study of OPAMP Applications
Write program to calculate factorial of n random numbers
Write a program to read value of x and n and output total on screen.
Value of the variable total is computed as the sum of the following
series.
Write a program to input a number and print its binary equivalent
Write a program to find transpose of a 3X3 matrix
Write a program to accept names and total marks of 20 students
Display names of students securing highest and lowest marks
Write a program to find the roots of quadratic equations
Preparation of stencil using Mylar & Chromaline films
To print a thick film resistor and to study its characteristics
To deposit a thin film using wet chemical route and to study its
transmission
Preparation of printed circuit board of a given circuit, assemble the
circuit
Cooling curve and phase diagram of the Pb-Sn alloy
Study of Thermolumniscence of F-centres in alkali halide crystal
Study of Kerr effect using He-Ne laser
Verification of Lambert Beer law and determination of molar
absorption co-efficient of the given specimen
Study of photocurrent from a photoresistor as a function of voltage at a
constant irradiance.
To determine the numerical aperture of a given optical fiber
Study of noise in an optical receiver
Study of Pulse code modulation & Demodulation
Study of Pulse amplitude modulation and time Division Multiplexing
Manchester coder, Decoder
Study of Digital data communication
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