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Immigration in U.S. History City Summary Outline of Settlements of Selected Urban Areas Boston: 1630 – 1700 Immigrants mostly came from England Majority were of the Protestant Faith, namely Puritans or Congregationalists Boston was the largest city in North America until 1790 Urban artisans made up a large percent of the cities population Over time the economic gap between the cities’s wealthy and poor increased New York: 1790 – 1860 Has a superior harbor for commerce and immigration Liberal state laws allowed inland merchants to purchase and sell goods in the city, encouraging urbanization The British dumped goods after the War of 1812 creating a major import center The Erie and other canals within the state opened the interior of North America to coastal trade The immigrant population made up half of the city’s total population The Irish and Germans were the largest immigrant populations Catholics made up a large percentage of the population Many immigrants had jobs as merchants, shipbuilders and sailors Slums developed on the Lower East and West Sides due to the influx of immigrants New Orleans: 1790 – 1860 The city became a commercial port and financial center for goods being shipped east, west, north and south The major crops shipped were sugar and rice The city became the banking center for the Mississippi River Very few blacks lived in the city in the early 19 th century French immigrants arrived in the early 1800s after failing to grow grapes and olives in nearby Alabama By 1860, 40% of the city’s population were immigrants, a heavy mix of Germans and Irish Between 1840 and 1860 the city’s population increased 65 percent The Catholic religion heavily influenced the area 1 Cincinnati: 1790 – 1860 Nicknamed “Porkopolis,” as it was the nation’s largest meatpacking city The city’s populations practiced a variety of religions A large German population created a manufacturing and industrial center German-Jews brought butchering and tailoring skills to the city The city’s population increased from 40,000 in 1830 to 161,000 in 1860 The original “Gateway to the West” and the third-largest industrial center by 1840 Workers complained of wage-slavery Protestant workers attacked the Irish and Germans in 1855 Chicago’s population grew from 250 in 1840 to more than 1 million by 1900 In 1860s, Chicago passed Cincinnati as the nation’s meatpacking center A machine for killing hogs was invented here The building of the Union Stockyards in the 1870s created a demand for more labor for meatpacking resulting in the population increase Many different religions were brought by the variety of immigrants that settled The Irish and the Germans came in the 1850s The Bohemians and the Poles came in the 1870s and 1880s The Slovaks, Lithuanians, Ukrainians and Russians came in the 1890s These immigrant groups brought animal and farming skills to meatpacking The city became the economic center of the Great Plains as a commercial rather than an industrial/manufacturing center Chicago: 1830 – 1900 Salt Lake City: 1845 – 1900 Mormons led by Brigham Young created a state of “Deseret” The city became a stopping-point for those traveling to California, Oregon or Washington State The transcontinental railroad brought many immigrants to the city Mining (especially gold and silver) encourage many immigrants to settle A variety of cultures and religions flourished alongside the Mormons Germans, Scandinavians, Greeks, Italians and Slavs were the largest immigrant groups 2 Atlanta: 1870 – 1940 The entire city had to be rebuilt after Sherman’s March during the Civil War Early growth was from waterways, bridges and infrastructure needed for trade Atlanta then became the main railroad hub that linked cities and towns in the South Textile mills were built due to the new forms of transportation The city became the “showplace” of the New South movement Blacks moved from the plantations to the city British, French and other Europeans came with textile mill experience; they settled in rural areas and commuted to the city industrial centers The city developed a variety of religions, mostly Protestant in background Los Angeles: 1890 – 1960 Population grew nearly 15 times larger between 1880 and 1920 Many jobs came from garment sweatshops in the downtown region Most immigrants lived in rooming houses 40% of these immigrants came from Mexico The majority of the city’s workers were blue-collar class Seasonal laborers did not make much money due to low, competitive wages and a large supply of labor that was greater than demand The Hispanic immigrants brought Catholicism to the city. Cities are liable to occasional depressions of trade, resulting from overproduction, or the successful rivalry of foreign nations. . . owing to the intense severity of certain seasons, there is a total cessation of employments of particular kinds, by which vast numbers of people are flung idle on the streets. John Francis McGuire, The Irish in America (New York: 1868) Questions to consider: 1. 2. 3. 4. Which groups were most likely to vote Democratic? Republican? Is there a connection between religion and ethnicity and voting patterns? Do these same patterns hold true today? For each of the urban centers mentioned, define in two or three sentences the impact of a specific immigrant group had on the social, economic, and political growth of that center. 3