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Earth in Space CHAPTER 2 The Solar System SECTION 1 How Do We Know What We Know About Space and the Universe? • Astronomers – Study objects and matters beyond Earth – Have existed for centuries • Tools used by astronomers: – For most of history: just the ______________ – 1600s: Galileo’s telescope – Today: space age technology! Famous Astronomer from U of D Class of 1974 • Jesuit Brother Guy Consolmagno • Pope Francis named him to be the head of the _________________ in September 2016 • What does God show us when we “do science”? – http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2015/09/22/pope-francis-guyconsolmagno-vatican-astronomer/72572258/ - • Wouldn’t it be great to have a personal conversation with Brother Guy??? Hubble Space Telescope • First powerful telescope placed in orbit around Earth, giving incredibly clear view of space • http://hubblesite.org/gallery/ – Complete Hubble Telescope Worksheet Satellites • Satellite = body that orbits a _______ body • Natural satellites: moon or planets that orbit another planet or star – Ex. the _______ (orbits the Earth) – Ex. the ______ (orbits the Sun) • Artificial satellites: a _________ launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space – Ex. First satellite, Sputnik 1, launched in 1957 by the Soviet Union – Ex. Today thousands of satellites exist in space • Sometimes referred to as “space stations” What Satellites Looks Like Satellite in space Numerous satellites orbiting Earth all at the same time Primary Uses for Satellites • Signals are sent up to a satellite and then the satellite sends signals back down to Earth at different locations • _______ = National Aeronautics and Space Administration • NASA launches and tracks satellites • See NASA website to understand uses for satellites: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/58/features/what-is-a-satellite-58.html#.VEQViRZbSBA Uses for Satellites • Help ______________________________________ – Example: Movements of asteroids • Help ________________________________________ – Example: Storms, ozone levels, famine conditions • Permit ______________________________________ – Example: Beam Internet, TV, and telephone signals from different locations • Detect ______________________________________ – Example: • Enemy movements and weapon construction • Global Positioning System (GPS): reveals exact location of something Google Earth • This amazing tool is all made possible by satellites • Look at street view for U of D High at 8400 S. Cambridge Detroit Michigan • See the geographical changes over 30 years (especially #2, 4 and 6): http://www.businessinsider.com/time-lapsemaps-google-earth-engine-2014-10# The Universe • Universe = made up of all existing things, including Earth and space • Space filled up with large objects called stars • Galaxies = large clusters of ________ • Milky Way – Galaxy we live in – Also a really good candy bar Milky Way Milky Way from Earth Milky Way from Space The Solar System • Solar System = the sun and the group of bodies that revolve around it • Main bodies in solar system: – Sun – Planets – Dwarf planets (Pluto in this category now) – Small solar system bodies (ex. asteroids, comets) – Moons • Planets = major bodies that _____________ Planets in the Solar System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Sun Earth Moon • Small compared to 3rd planet from the Much smaller than Sun huge stars Earth 5th largest planet in Orbits around the But much bigger solar system than the ______ ________ Orbits around the o 1 complete ______ orbit: ______ o 1 complete days orbit: _______ Surface is barren, days volcanic No air, water, life Solar Energy • Solar energy = energy that comes from the Sun and reaches Earth as light and heat • All life depends on solar energy! – Affects weather, plants, animals, humans • How much solar energy is received at different locations on the Earth depends upon 3 things: – __________ – __________ – __________ ROTATION of the Earth on its Axis • Axis: like an imaginary rod running through the Earth from North and South Pole • Rotation = ____ complete spin of the Earth on its axis ROTATION of the Earth on its Axis • 1 rotation of the Earth on its axis takes _______ • The Earth rotates on its axis west to east – Why sun appears to be “rising” in east and “setting” in west • See Google Earth “sunlight across the landscape” feature • With rotation, the Sun is only hitting half of Earth at a time – The part of the Earth getting light _______ – The part of the Earth not getting light _________ REVOLUTION of Earth Around Sun • Earth rotates on its axis AND revolves around the Sun • Revolution = _________ (or oval) orbit that Earth makes around Sun every _______ days (1 Earth year) • Leap Year: to account for the ¼ day, every 4 years we have an extra full day on February 29. – This year is called “leap year.” • http://www.bbc.co.uk/scho ols/scienceclips/ages/9_10/ earth_sun_moon.shtml TILT of Earth’s Axis in Relation to the Sun • North Pole axis is always pointing to same spot North Star • BUT as the Earth moves around the Sun, the North Pole axis is not always pointing at the Sun • Watch video to see what tilt looks like: • https://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es04 08/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization • The tilt of the Earth affects the amount of solar energy that different places receive during the year Summary • How do rotation, revolution and tilt affect the amount of solar energy received at different locations on the Earth? – Rotation: allows the warming effects of the sunlight and cooling effects of darkness during a ____________________ – Revolution and tilt: causes hemispheres to receive varying amounts of solar energy during __________________________ Earth – Sun Relationships SECTION 2 Distribution of Solar Energy on Earth’s Surface Tropics Polar Regions Middle Latitudes Amount of solar energy: receive lots of solar energy all year Climate: Warm climate Location: _________ ____________________ Amount of solar Amount of solar energy: Receive little energy: varies or no solar energy depending upon the during year season Climate: Cold most Climate: varies of the time depending upon the Location: ________ season ____________________ Location: ________ ____________________ ____________________ Color the following regions: Tropics = ______ Polar Region = _____ Middle Latitude = ________ Angle of the Rays and Solar Energy • Amount of solar energy received depends upon the angle of the Sun’s rays striking the Earth • _________________ rays are always hotter than angled rays Angled Rays Direct Rays (hottest) Angled Rays How Seasons Occur • Times of greater or lesser sun energy result in the _____________________ • Summer: Sun’s energy is stronger and daytime lasts longer • Winter: Sun’s energy is weaker and daytime lasts shorter • Fall and Spring: Sun’s energy is more evenly distributed and daylight and darkness closer to equal length • The tilt of Earth’s axis causes the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere to have ____________seasons at same time of year – Video overview: https://www.khanacademy.org/partnercontent/mit-k12/mit-k12-measurement/v/earth-s-tilt-1-thereason-for-the-seasons Observations: • The North Pole axis is pointing in the direction of the Sun. • The Sun’s rays are most direct in the Northern Hemisphere, making it warmer there. • It is Summer in the Northern Hemisphere and Winter in the Southern Hemisphere. Observations: • The North Pole axis is pointing away from the Sun. • The Sun’s rays are most direct in the Southern Hemisphere, making it warmer there. • It is Summer in the Southern Hemisphere and Winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Solstice = time when Earth’s poles at their greatest angle toward or away from Sun (___/ year) Equinox = time when Earth’s poles are not pointed toward or away from Sun (____/year) December Solstice = December 21 • What’s happening in Northern Hemisphere: – North Pole is pointing _______ from Sun – ____________daylight hours of the year – First day of Winter • What’s happening in Southern Hemisphere: – South Pole pointing ____________Sun – ____________number of daylight hours of the year – First day of Summer Sun’s Rays During December Solstice • Southern Hemisphere – Sun’s most direct rays along the Tropic of Capricorn – 24 hours of sunlight in ____________________ • Northern Hemisphere – Receives Sun’s less direct rays – 24 hours of darkness in the _______________ June Solstice = June 21 • What’s happening in the Northern Hemisphere – North Pole pointing toward Sun – Greatest daylight hours of the year – First day of ____________ • What’s happening in the Southern Hemisphere – South Pole pointing away from Sun – Least number of daylight hours of the year – First day of _______________ Sun’s Rays During June Solstice • Northern Hemisphere – Sun’s most direct rays along the Tropic of Cancer – 24 hour sunlight in Artic Circle • Southern Hemisphere – Receives Sun’s less direct rays – 24 hours of darkness in the Antarctic Circle March Equinox = March 21 • What’s happening in Northern Hemisphere: – Poles ________________________Sun (at 90° angles with sun) – Hemispheres receive equal amount of daylight and darkness – First day of Spring • What’s happening in Southern Hemisphere: – Poles not pointed away or toward Sun (at 90° angles with sun) – Hemispheres receive _______________ of daylight and darkness – First day of Fall September Equinox = September 21 • What’s happening in Northern Hemisphere: – Poles not pointed away or toward Sun (at 90° angles with sun) – Hemispheres receive equal amount of daylight and darkness – First day of Fall • What’s happening in Southern Hemisphere: – Poles not pointed away or toward Sun (at 90° angles with sun) – Hemispheres receive equal amount of daylight and darkness – First day of Spring Sun’s Rays During Equinoxes (March or September) • In both Hemispheres, Sun’s rays hit _________at Equator • 12 hours each of sunlight and darkness Summary ROTATION DAY AND NIGHT Revolution and Tilt 4 Seasons http://go.hrw.com/activities/frameset.html?main=4235.html Review videos: https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/mit-k12/mit-k12-measurement/v/earth-stilt-2-land-of-the-midnight-sun http://ed.ted.com/lessons/reasons-for-the-seasons-rebecca-kaplan HOW SUN/EARTH RELATIONSHIPS AFFECT TIME ZONES Different Time Zones Around the World Telling Time in Different Time Zones Time is measured from Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England (also place where Prime Meridian is measured) – Referred to as “Greenwich Mean Time” or “________” • _______different time zones across the world • Note about “squiggly” lines on some time zones: some time zones have been redrawn so that there is only 1 time zone for a country instead of 2 For each time zone east of the Prime Meridian Time is 1 hour ahead of GMT (meaning 1 hour later than GMT For each time zone west of the Prime Meridian Time is 1 hour behind GMT (meaning 1 hour earlier than GMT) Example: When it is 10AM in London, England, it is 11AM in Rome, Italy, because Rome is only one time zone to the east of GMT. When it is 10PM in New York City, it is 3AM in Greenwich, England, because New York is 5 times zones to the east of GMT. Exercises with Time Zones Use the Time Zone Map of the World to answer the following questions: 1. If it is 5PM in Chicago, USA, what time is it in London, England? 2. If it is 3PM in Jakarta, Indonesia, what time is it in Cairo, Egypt? 3. If it is 6PM in Beijing, China, what time is it in Toronto, Canada? 4. If it is 11AM in Sydney, Australia, what time is it in Lima, Peru? 5. If it is 9PM in Vancouver, Canada, what time is it in Chicago, USA? Time Zones in the Continental United States (meaning not Alaska and Hawaii) Knowing Time Zones in the Continental US • There is a ___________ time difference between the zones in the Continental US • If it is 12PM in the Eastern Time Zone, it is: – ______ in the Central Time Zone – ______in the Mountain Time Zone – ______in the Pacific Time Zone Exercises with US Time Zones 1. If it is 10AM in Traverse City, Michigan, what time is it in: – Dallas, Texas: – Denver, Colorado: – San Francisco, California: 2. If it is 4PM in New York City, what time is it in: – Topeka, Kansas: – Phoenix, Arizona: – Salem, Oregon: Daylight Savings Time • • • Why we have it? – In the Continental US and in some other countries, time is adjusted to ____________________________________during the warmer months. The adjustments give us more daylight hours in the evening. It is as if we are moving an hour of sunlight from the morning to the evening so that we can have more light in the evening during the summer! Nice! How it works? – Turn back the clocks in the Fall (“fall back”) we get an extra hour to sleep in on the days the clocks change! – Turn ahead the clocks in the Spring (“spring ahead”) we lose an hour of sleep on the days the clocks change! When do we change the clocks next? – Sunday, November 6, 2016 Set clocks back one hour! – Sunday, March 12 2017 Set clocks ahead one hour! International Date Line • International Date Line = longitude line exactly 180° from the Prime Meridian • When you cross the International Date Line day and date change • When you cross the International Date Line from the west and going east gain a day • When you cross the International Date Line from the east and going west lose a day • Note that line is sometimes squiggly to prevent it being 2 different days in the same country Exercises with International Date Line 1. If a flight leaves Detroit at 4PM on October 5, 2015 going to Hong Kong and the flight takes 12 hours, what date and time would it be when the airplane arrives in Hong Kong? 2. Suppose a ship left Honolulu, Hawaii at 10PM on December 5 and traveled to Auckland, New Zealand. If the trip lasted 6 hours, what date and time would the ship arrive in Auckland? 3. If a flight leaves Paris, France at 8PM on June 3 going west to Los Angeles, California, and the flight takes 10 hours, what date and time would it be when the airplane arrives in Los Angeles?