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1 7 Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land Chapter 17 Objectives Opening Essay Describe the significance of mycorrhiza to plant health and the history of this relationship. Plant Evolution and Diversity 17.1–17.2 17.2 Describe the key plant adaptations to life on land. Compare the bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles 17.3 17.4–17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 Describe the alternation of generation life cycle. Explain why it appears that this cycle has evolved independently in algae and land plants. Describe the key events of the moss and fern life cycles. Explain how coal is formed. Explain why coal, oil, and natural gas are called fossil fuels. Describe the stages of the gymnosperm life cycle. Describe the parts of a flower and explain their functions. Describe the stages of the angiosperm life cycle. List the angiosperm adaptations that promote seed dispersal. Describe the significance of angiosperms to humans. Explain how flowers are adapted to attract pollinators. Describe the human impact on plant diversity. Explain the significance of this loss for humanity. Fungi 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 Key Terms Describe the main traits of fungi and their ecological role. Explain how molds and yeast reproduce. Distinguish between the five groups of fungi. Compare the life cycles and reproductive structures of different fungal groups. Explain how parasitic fungi harm plants and animals. Describe the structure and characteristics of lichens. Describe the mutualistic relationship between fungi and leaf-cutting ants. Describe the positive ecological and practical roles of fungi. absorption alternation of generations angiosperm anther apical meristem ascomycete basidiomycete bryophyte carpel charophyte chytrid club fungus embryophyte fossil fuel fruit Fungi fungus (plural, fungi) gametangium (plural, gametangia) gametophyte glomeromycete gymnosperm heterokaryotic stage hypha (plural, hyphae) imperfect fungus lichen lignin mold mycelium (plural, mycelia) mycorrhiza (plural, mycorrhizae) ovary parasite petal phloem pollen pollen grain pollination sac fungus seed seed coat seedless vascular plants sepal sporangium (plural, sporangia) spore sporophyte stamen vascular plant vascular tissue xylem yeast zygomycete zygote fungus