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APA Tip of the Day: Ampersand
When there are two authors for a
reference you cite, you need to cite both of
them every time. When you cite them in a
sentence, but not within parentheses, use
“and.” When you put the citation within a
parenthesis (a parenthetical citation), use
an ampersand (“&”).
APA Tip of the Day: Examples
According to Gomez and Garcia (2012),
“this is very interesting” (p. 107).
“This is very interesting” (Gomez & Garcia,
2012, p. 107).
Announcements
1. We will be talking about symbols next
week. Bring in some examples of symbols
and icons to share with the class.
2. I will assign the interventions within the
next few days – send me an email by
Friday morning with your THREE
preferences. Otherwise, I will assign you
to one without your input.
Quick
questions or
quandaries?
Today’s Topic:
Cultural differences in
the development of
communication
Small Group Activity:
What differences can you identify in
how children from different cultural
groups are raised and how they are
taught to communicate? Focus
primarily on differences during early
childhood.
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JChxT9Yv2iw
What does this have to
do with students with
intensive
communication needs?
Does a student need to
have “fully” developed their
first language in order to
learn a second language?
What is bilingual
education? Who might
be a good candidate
for it?
What is the difference
between ESL and Special
Education? If we are teaching
a student to begin to use
language, why would he/she
need ESL?
Quick Write
Why might it be important for
teachers of students with intensive
communication needs to understand
cultural differences in
communication/language
development and language
socialization?
What does it
mean to know
a language?
Linguistic Competence
“Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with
an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely
homogeneous speech-community, who
knows its (the speech community’s) language
perfectly and is unaffected by such
grammatically irrelevant conditions as
memory limitations, distractions, shifts of
attention and interest, and errors (random or
characteristic) in applying his knowledge of
the language in actual performance.”
(Chomsky, 1965, p. 3)
Communicative Competence:
“the socially appropriate use of
language.”
(Paulston, 1992, p. xiv)
“Communicative competence
involves knowing not only the
language code but also what to say
to whom, and how to say it
appropriately in any given situation.
It deals with the social and cultural
knowledge speakers are presumed
to have to enable them to use and
interpret linguistic forms...”
“…Communicative competence extends
to both knowledge and expectation of
who may or may not speak in certain
settings, when to speak and when to
remain silent, whom one may speak to,
how one may speak to persons of
different statuses and roles, what
appropriate nonverbal behaviors are in
various contexts, what the routines for
turn-taking are in conversation,…
“…how to ask for and give
information, how to request, how to
offer or decline assistance or
cooperation, how to give commands,
how to enforce discipline, and the like
- in short, everything involving the use
of language and other communication
dimensions in particular social
settings.”
(Saville-Troike, 1989, p. 21)
Five Language Parameters:
1. Phonological
2. Morphological
3. Syntactic
4. Semantic
5. Pragmatic
Phonological differences
Sounds and sound combinations that
occur in one language may not occur in
another. This may cause difficulties for a
student who has a primary home
language other than English.
Examples:
ship/sheep,
thumb,
ski,
Misconception Alert!
It is important to know that studies suggest
that typically developing infants begin
learning the phonological system for their
language community before they even
speak one word. Some studies suggest the
effect of different language environments
can begun to be observed as early as six
months.
(Stoel-Gammon & Menn, 1997).
Morphological differences
Not all languages put words together in
the same way. For example, English uses
suffixes (two dog-s). Other languages
may be variable in morpheme order
and/or the morpheme may occur in a
different place in the word. For example,
Portuguese has prefixes, suffixes, and
“mesoclises” (in-fixes).
Syntactic Differences
Students with a home language other than
English may use a word order that differs
from English. This might be due to an
influence (interference) of the home
language, rather than a language disorder.
This can be true as well for students who
speak different varieties of English.
Semantic Differences
Words are rarely exact translations – there are
subtle shades of meanings, even between
people who assume they are speaking the
same variety. It is critical to understand what a
student means when s/he says something,
rather than assuming that s/he uses a words
in the same way that we might.
Differences in Language Use
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Turn-taking
Interruptions
Volume
Rate
Eye gaze
Gestures
Proximity
Repetition
Silence/pauses
• Response to direct
questions
• Discourse structure
• Amount of assumed
information
• Context cues
• Questioning
• Joking
• Agreement
Why is it important to understand
cultural differences in communication
for students who might not have yet
developed language?
Main Points:
1. There are significant and pervasive
differences in how children in different
communities are raised, including basic
assumptions and expectations, which are
revealed in how adults (and older children)
interact with infants and toddlers.
2. These differences play out in different ways
of communicating – eye gaze, turn taking,
nonverbal communication, proxemics,
gestures, etc.
Main Points, cont.:
3. Language communities will differ in all
aspects of a language: phonology,
morphology, syntax, semantics, and
pragmatics.
4. Language differences do not mean that an
individual has a language disorder.
However, individuals with a language
disorder may also have a language
difference. It is critical to differentiate the
two and address them respectfully.
Looking ahead…
Pre-symbolic vs. symbolic
communication
Please take a
minute for the
minute paper.
And don’t forget to turn
your phone back on.