Download 8.11 D * Recognize human dependence on

Ocean Systems
Human Dependence and
Modification
Recognize human dependence
on ocean systems and explain
how human activities such as
runoff, artificial reefs, or use of
resources have modified these
systems.
TEK 8.11 D
Our Oceans
• Over 70% of our planet is ocean.
• 97% of the water on Earth is ocean water
• Ocean systems – Earth systems that include
the oceans which effect weather and climate,
ocean currents, coral reef and artificial reef
ecosystems and marine food webs.
Surface Water
• Water on the surface of the Earth.
Ground Water
• Fresh water contained n
the open spaces of soil
and rock beneath
Earth’s surface.
• Earth’s most important
resources for drinking,
irrigations and washing.
Aquifer
• An underground layer of permeable rock,
gravel, sand or silt that holds ground water.
How humans depend on oceans
• Create a circle map to brainstorm how humans
depend on the ocean.
Human
Dependence
on oceans
How humans depend on oceans
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food – fish and shellfish
Transportation – both travel and shipping
Recreation (boating, scuba, jet skis)
Minerals – salt, sand, gravel, manganese, copper,
nickel, iron and cobalt
Drilling for crude oil
Removing carbon and providing oxygen (C-cycle)
Regulates Earth’s climate – transfers heat
Medicines for fighting disease.
Human Activities
that modify ocean systems
• Positive activities:
– Artificial reefs, education programs, reducing, reusing and
recycling, controlling global warming, fishing regulations,
etc.
• Negative activities:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Overfishing/Overharvesting
Shipping
Global warming
Coastal development
Deforestation
Siltation/sedimentation flowing into oceans
Pollution
Overfishing/Overharvesting
• Fishing or harvesting too much marine life that
it negatively effects the ecosystem.
• Doesn’t allow fish time to reproduce and
replace.
Shipping
• In theory, shipping can be safe and profitable
for economies around the world.
• However, problems may occur
– Oil spills
– Dumping of waste water
– Chemical accidents
– Water and air pollution
– Disrupting natural ocean environments
– Killing marine wildlife
Oceans impact on Climate
• Ocean currents transfer heat great distances
around the world that helps regulate Earths
climate.
Oxygen Production
• 90% of the worlds oxygen production comes
form marine producers called phytoplankton in
our oceans.
• Carbon Cycle
Coral Reefs
• Natural underwater
ocean structures made
up of living coral and
their remains of
limestone.
– Provide humans with
food, recreation, and
medicines.
– Are at risk due to
overfishing, ocean
warming, pollutions and
siltation due to coastal
development.
Artificial Reefs
• Human-made
underwater structures
that act as artificial coral
reefs to help promote
marine life.
Benefits of Artificial Reefs
• Artificial reefs provide complex, durable and stable
homes for many fishes and marine invertebrates
• Scientists use artificial reefs as platforms for
rigorous ecological experimentation.
• Fishery managers sometimes use artificial reefs to
help buffer the effects of overfishing and
environmental damage.
• Artificial reefs attract anglers and divers and
provide a significant fiscal boost to local
economies.
Tidal Power
• Tidal energy in the form of hydropower that
converts the energy of tides into useful forms
of power mainly for electricity.
Global Warming
• The average increase in
Earth’s global surface
temperatures.
• Ocean water absorbs
most of the heat from
the sun causing ice caps
to melt and ocean
temperatures to
increase.
Watershed
• An area of land where all of the water that falls
in it and drains off of it goes into the same
place.
Runoff
• The flow of water over land from rain, snow
melt of other sources.
• Can be polluted by human activities and run
into our surface water,
ground water and
oceans.
Algae Bloom
• An excessive growth of algae (red to bright,
neon green to more blue-green) in water that
occurs naturally or as a result of an excess of
nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) from
organic pollution.
Algae Blooms
• Most algal blooms are harmless, but certain
types of algae may pose a risk to humans,
animals and water quality. Algae and algal
blooms are generally not considered harmful
unless they are capable of producing toxins
and you come in direct contact with them.
• Blue-green algae that form have been known
to produce a wide array of neurotoxins, liver
toxins, cell toxins and skin irritants
Factors Contributing to Algae
Blooms
• Excess nutrients from runoff (e.g.
phosphorus or nitrogen) from
Agriculture and Urban sources.
• Intense Sunlight
• Low-water levels or low-flow
conditions
• Calm water (low-wind conditions)
• Warmer temperatures
Ocean Systems Card Sort
Ocean System
Human Impact
Consequences
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Coastal Development
• Aquaculture
• Commercial and
Recreational Fishing
• Burning of Fossil Fuels
• Deforestation
• Introduction of Invasive
Species
• Agricultural Waste (P and
N) and pollution
• Oil spills
• Trash pollution
• Urban runoff via storm
drains
• Raw Sewage pollution
• Industrial Pollution
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oxygen Production
Coral Reefs
Estuaries
Mangrove Swamps
Kelp Forests
Currents
Wind patterns
Evaporation and
precipitation
Marine Life
Storage and Exchange
of Gases: CO2 and N
Sea Ice
Seasonal Weather
Patterns
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Extreme Storms
Dead Zones
Ocean acidification
Human displacement
Collapsed fisheries
(overfishing)
Habitat destruction
Change in precipitation and
weather patterns
Disrupted Gas Storage and
exchange
Human health issues
Extinction and loss of
biodiversity
Siltation
Garbage patches