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Carbon and Organic Molecules
Organic Molecules
Organic molecules —compounds mostly found in
living things and containing the element carbon.
Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids.
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Fig. 4-1
Organic molecule origins
• Vitalism – organic molecules can only be made by
living organisms.
• Mechanism -is the view that organic molecules can
be created through physical and chemical means.
• Miller proved mechanism in an experiment.
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Fig. 4-2
EXPERIMENT
“Atmosphere”
Water vapor
CH4
Electrode
Condenser
Cooled water
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
“sea”
Sample for
chemical analysis
Cold
water
Why use carbon
4 reasons:
-4 valence electrons, can form 4 bonds
-can link together in chains, branches, or rings
-can form single, double, or triple bonds
-bonds with a variety of elements
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4-4
Hydrogen
(valence = 1)
Oxygen
(valence = 6)
Nitrogen
(valence = 5)
Carbon
(valence = 4)
H
O
N
C
Fig. 4-3
Name
(a) Methane
(b) Ethane
(c) Ethene
(ethylene)
Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Ball-and-Stick
Model
Space-Filling
Model
Hydrocarbons – only carbon and hydrogen
Ethane
Propane
1-Butene
(a) Length
Butane
(b) Branching
2-Butene
(c) Double bonds
2-Methylpropane
(commonly called isobutane)
Cyclohexane
(d) Rings
Benzene
Isomers
• Isomers are compounds with the same molecular
formula but different shapes:
– Structural isomers have different covalent
arrangements of their atoms
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Isomers
• Geometric isomers have the same covalent
arrangements but their functional groups are in
different locations
Isomers
– Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror
images of each other
• Enantiomers are important in the
pharmaceutical industry
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Functional Groups
• Functional groups – They are the components of
organic molecules that are most commonly
involved in chemical reactions. They give the
molecules specific properties.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• The seven functional groups that are most
important in the chemistry of life:
– Hydroxyl group
– Carbonyl group
– Carboxyl group
– Amino group
– Sulfhydryl group
– Phosphate group
– Methyl group
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sugars
(Builds proteins)
Found in proteins
(fats)
ATP
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary
energy-transferring molecule in the cell
• ATP consists of an organic molecule called
adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate
groups
• Adenosine
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• A phosphate group is removed from the ATP
which releases energy
• The ATP then becomes (ADP)
• A third phosphate group can be added back on to ADP so it
become ATP again (recycling)
You should now be able to:
1. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration
explains its ability to form large, complex,
diverse organic molecules
2. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and
explain how this variation contributes to the
diversity and complexity of organic molecules
3. Distinguish among the three types of isomers:
structural, geometric, and enantiomer
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4. Name the major functional groups found in
organic molecules; describe the basic
structure of each functional group and outline
the chemical properties of the organic
molecules in which they occur
5. Explain how ATP functions as the primary
energy transfer molecule in living cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings