Download Chapter 3 - RinaldiPsych

PowerPoint Presentation for
Biopsychology, 8th Edition
by John P.J. Pinel
Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm
Western Washington University
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Chapter 3
The Anatomy of the
Nervous System
Systems, Structures, and Cells
That Make Up Your Nervous
System
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General Layout of the Nervous
System

Central Nervous System (CNS)



Brain (in the skull)
Spinal Cord (in the spine)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)


Located outside of the skull and spine
Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry
signals out of the CNS
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General Layout of the Nervous
System Continued

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System



Afferent nerves (sensory)
Efferent nerves (motor)
Autonomic Nervous System


Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Both are efferent
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Autonomic Nervous System



All nerves are efferent
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
generally have opposite effects
Two-stage neural paths, neuron exiting the
CNS synapses on a second-stage neuron
before the target organ
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Autonomic Nervous System
Continued

Sympathetic




Thoracic and lumbar
“Fight or flight”
Second stage neurons
are far from the target
organ
Parasympathetic



Cranial and sacral
“Rest and restore”
Second stage
neurons are near the
target organ
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FIGURE 3.2 The major divisions of the
nervous system.
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Meninges, Ventricles, and
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

CNS encased in bone and covered by
three meninges




Dura mater – tough outer membrane
Arachnoid membrane – web-like
Pia mater – adheres to CNS surface
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid serves as cushion
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FIGURE 3.3 The cerebral ventricles.
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Protecting the Brain

Chemical protection


The blood-brain barrier – tightly-packed
cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry
of many molecules
Physical protection



Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Cells of the Nervous System:
Anatomy of Neurons

Neurons


Specialized cells for the reception, conduction,
and transmission of electrochemical signals
Many sizes and shapes
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FIGURE 3.5 The major external
features of a typical neuron.
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FIGURE 3.6 The major
internal features of a
typical neuron.
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FIGURE 3.7 The cell membrane is a
lipid bilayer with signal proteins and
channel proteins embedded in it.
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FIGURE 3.8 A unipolar neuron, a
bipolar neuron, a multipolar neuron,
and an interneuron.
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Glial Cells:
The Forgotten Cells


Glial cells
 Outnumber neurons 10:1
 Support neurons
 Recent evidence for glial communication and modulatory
effects of glia on neuronal communication
Four classes of Glial cells:
 Oligodendrocytes – extensions rich in myelin create myelin
sheaths in CNS
 Schwann cells – similar to function of oligodendrocytes but in
PNS, can guide axonal regeneration
 Astrocytes – largest glia, star-shaped, many functions
 Microglia – involved in response to injury or disease
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FIGURE 3.9 The myelination of CNS axons by
an oligodendrocyte and the myelination of PNS
axons by Schwann cells.
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Terminology Note
CNS
PNS
Myelin-providing
glia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Clusters of cell
bodies
Nuclei
(singular nucleus)
Ganglia
(singular ganglion)
Bundles of axons
Tracts
Nerves
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Neuroanatomical Techniques
and Directions



Golgi stain – allows for visualization
of individual neurons
Nissl stain – selectively stains cell
bodies
Electron microscopy – provides
information about the details of
neuronal structure
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FIGURE 3.11 Neural tissue that has
been stained by the Golgi method.
(Ed Reschke © Peter Arnold, Inc.)
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FIGURE 3.12 The Nissl stain.
(Courtesy of Carl Ernst and Brian
Christie, Department of Psychology,
University of British Columbia.)
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FIGURE 3.13 A color-enhanced scanning
electron micrograph of a neuron cell body
(green) studded with terminal buttons
(orange). Courtesy of Jerold J. M. Chun,
M.D., Ph.D.
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Neuroanatomical Tracing
Techniques


Anterograde (forward)
 tracing to where axons project
away from an area
Retrograde (backward)
 tracing from where axons are
projecting into an area
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FIGURE 3.14 Anatomical directions
in a representative vertebrate (cat).
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FIGURE 3.15 Anatomical directions
in a human.
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Directions in the Vertebrate
Nervous System Continued


Anatomical directions ignore the fact that
humans walk upright. Therefore, top of
the head is both “dorsal” (back) and
“superior” (top)
Other directions:




Medial – toward the middle
Lateral – toward the side
Proximal – close
Distal – far
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Sections of the Brain



Horizontal – a slice parallel to the ground
Frontal (coronal) – slicing bread or salami
Sagittal – a midsagittal section separates
the left and right halves
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FIGURE 3.16 Horizontal, frontal
(coronal), and sagittal planes in the
human brain and a cross section of
the human spinal cord.
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Spinal Cord




Gray matter – inner component, primarily cell
bodies
White matter – outer area, mainly myelinated
axons
Dorsal – afferent, sensory
Ventral – efferent, motor
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FIGURE 3.17 The dorsal and ventral
roots of the spinal cord.
FIGURE 3.18 A schematic cross
section of the spinal cord.
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FIGURE 3.19 The early development
of the mammalian brain illustrated in
schematic horizontal sections.
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FIGURE 3.20 The divisions of the
adult human brain.
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Major Structures of the Brain

Myelencephalon = medulla



Composed largely of tracts
Origin of the reticular formation
Metencephalon



Many tracts
Pons – ventral surface
Cerebellum – coordination
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FIGURE 3.21 Structures of the
human myelencephalon (medulla)
and metencephalon.
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Major Structures of the Brain
Continued

Mesencephalon = midbrain



tectum has inferior and superior colliculi
tegmentum has periaqueductal gray,
substantia nigra, and red nucleus
Diencephalon


thalamus
hypothalamus
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FIGURE 3.22 The human
mesencephalon (midbrain).
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FIGURE 3.23 The human
diencephalon.
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Telencephalon – Cerebral
Cortex



Convolutions serve to increase
surface area
Longitudinal fissure – a groove that
separates right and left
hemispheres
Corpus callosum – largest
hemisphere-connecting tract
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FIGURE 3.25 The major fissures of
the human cerebral cortex.
FIGURE 3.26 The lobes of the
cerebral hemishphere.
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Telencephalon – Subcortical
Structures

Limbic system – regulation of motivated
behaviors


Mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala,
fornix, cingulate, septum
Basal ganglia motor system

Amygdala, striatum (caudate nucleus +
putamen), globus pallidus
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FIGURE 3.28 The major structures of
the limbic system: amygdala,
hippocampus, cingulate cortex,
fornix, septum, and mammillary
body.
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FIGURE 3.29 The basal ganglia:
amygdala, striatum (caudate plus
putamen) and globus pallidus.
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FIGURE 3.30 Summary of major
brain structures.
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