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Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity:
The Ecosystem Approach
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 11
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Key Concepts
 Human land use
 Types and uses of US public lands
 Forests and forest management
 Implications of deforestation
 Management of parks
 Establishment and management of
nature preserves
 Importance of ecological restoration
Types of US Public Lands
 Multiple-use lands: National Forests;
National Resource Lands
 Moderately-restricted use lands:
National Wildlife Refuges
 Restricted-use lands: National Park System;
National Wilderness Preservation System
US Public Lands
National parks and preserves
National forests
National wildlife refuges
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flow
Water regulation
Local and regional climate
Numerous habitats and niches
Air purification
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)
Industrial timber and lumber
Pulp and paper
Medicines
Mineral extraction and recreation
Emergent
Forest Structure
Birds,
invertebrates,
bats
Canopy
Birds,
reptiles,
amphibians,
lichens, mosses
Understory
Shade-tolerant
plants, birds,
squirrels,
lizards,
chipmunks
Snag
Floor
Rotting debris,
worms,
insects,
bacteria
Subsoil
Fig. 23.6, p. 592
Bole
Nematodes,
microrganisms
Types of Forests
Old-growth (frontier) forests
Second-growth forests
Tree farms/plantation
Virgin forests, 1620
Fig. 23.13b, p. 600
Virgin forests, 1998
Forest Management
Rotation cycle
Even-aged management
Industrial forestry
Uneven-aged management
Improved diversity
Sustainable production
Multiple-use
Management Strategies
Weak trees
removed
25
Seedlings
planted
15
30 Years of growth
Fig. 23.7, p. 593
10
5
Wood volume or wood biomass
Clear
cut
B
Long rotations
C
Old-growth harvest
(such as hardwoods
for furniture)
A
Short rotation
Time
Fig. 23.9, p. 594
Logging Roads
Increased erosion and runoff
Habitat fragmentation
Pathways for exotic species
Accessibility to humans
Highway
Cleared plots
for grazing
Cleared plots
for agriculture
Virgin forest
Highway
Fig. 23.10, p. 595
Harvesting Trees
Fig. 23.11, p. 596
 Selective cutting
 High-grading
Cut 2
Cut 1
Shelterwood Cutting
Selective Cutting
Seed-Tee Cutting
Clear-Cutting
 Shelterwood cutting
 Seed-tree cutting
 Clearcutting
 Strip cutting
Cut Uncut
Uncut Cut Cut
1 year ago
6–10 years ago 3–5 years ago
Strip Cutting
Sustainable Forestry
Longer rotations
Selective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniques
Certified sustainable grown
(See Solutions p. 598)
Pathogens
Fungal Diseases
Chestnut blight
Dutch elm disease
Insect Pests
Bark beetles
Gypsy moth
Fire
Surface fires
Surface fire
Crown fires
Crown fire
Forest Resources and
Management in the United States
Habitat fro threatened and endangered
species
Water purification services
Recreation
3% of timber harvest
Sustainable yield and multiple use
Substitues for tree products
Tropical Deforestation
 Rapid and increasing
 Loss of biodiversity
 Cultural extinction
 Unsustainable agriculture and ranching
 Clearing for cash crop plantations
 Commercial logging
 Fuelwood
Degradation of Tropical Forests
Bromeliad
Primary Causes:
Rapid population growth
Poverty
Exploitive government policies
Exports to developed counties
Failure to include ecological services
in evaluating forest resources
Toucan
Scarlet
macaw
Golden lion
marmoset
Orchid
Secondary Causes:
Roads
Logging
Unsustainable peasant farming
Cash crops
Blue morpho butterfly
Cattle ranching
Tree plantations
Flooding from dams
Mining
Oil drilling
Fig. 23.18, p. 608
Reducing Tropical Deforestation
 Identification of critical ecosystems
 Reducing poverty and population growth
 Sustainable tropical agriculture
 Encourage protection of large tracts
 Debt-for-nature swaps
 Less destructive harvesting methods
The Fuelwood Crisis
 Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants
 Burning wood more efficiently
 Switching to other fuels
Fig. 23.21, p. 611
Managing and Sustaining National
Parks
 Most parks are too small to maintain
biodiversity
 Invasion by exotic species
 Popularity a major problem
 Traffic jams and air pollution
 Visitor impact (noise)
 Natural regulation
 Better pay for park staff
Establishing, Designing, and
Managing Nature Reserves
 Include some moderate disturbance
 Sustain natural ecological processes
 Protect most important areas
 Buffer zones
 Gap analysis
 Wilderness areas
See Solutions p. 620
Ecological Restoration
Ecological restoration
Restoration ecology
Rehabilitation
Replacement
See Individuals Matter p. 624
Creating artificial ecosystems
Natural restoration