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Feedstuffs, September 3, 2012
Nutrition & Health: Poultry
DDG energy available
R
ESEARCHERS at Purdue
University have determined
the amount of metabolizable
energy (ME) available to young
broiler chickens from corn-sourced
dried distillers grains (DDGs) and
dried distillers grains with solubles
(DDGS).
The results of their study appeared
in an article in a recent issue of
Poultry Science.
Currently, with a large share of the
annual U.S. corn crop being used for
ethanol production, poultry growers
have turned to DDGs and DDGS, both
byproducts of the ethanol production
process, to provide an economically
affordable substitute. However, the
challenge has been to accurately
determine the energy content of
these fermentation byproducts.
“The energy and nutrients of
different components of the feed
are extracted at different parts of
the bird’s digestive tract, and not all
of the energy in the feed is actually
available to the bird. For example,
when feed moves from the ileum
to the cecum and large intestine,
microbes in the gut will extract a
significant portion of the nutrients for
their own energy needs. It turns out
that the most accurate measure of the
energy in DDG and DDGS available to
the bird is the ‘ileal digestible energy’
(IDE), most of which can be utilized
by the animal. Hence, determining
the IDE value was the focus of our
research,” said Dr. Layi Adeola, the
article’s lead author and a professor
in Purdue’s department of animal
sciences.
IDE reflects the energy digested and
absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract
up to the ileum.
In addition to IDE, the researchers
determined the ME and nitrogencorrected ME (MEn) contents of corn
DDGs and DDGS. All determinations
were for six-week-old broiler chickens
using a multiple linear regression
method. In each case, the researchers
Research
with
TIM LUNDEEN
found a difference of roughly 500
kcal/kg of dry matter between DDGs
and DDGS, with DDGS having the
higher value (Table).
In an earlier study, Adeola’s
research group studied ME and
MEn using three-week-old broilers
and found significant differences
compared with the current study,
leading them to conclude that the
ability of broilers to extract energy
from these byproducts varies with
age.
Fat content. Studies have shown
that when the solubles are added
back to corn DDGs, the fat content
rises from approximately 8% to 10.5%
in corn DDGS. Due to the significant
increase in fat prices concomitant
with the increase in the cost of corn,
some DDGS producers are skimming
off some of the oil and selling it
directly to growers rather than
adding it back to the DDGS.
“The result is that the fat content
of DDGS on the market is getting
progressively lower — down from
around 10% to just 4-5% — which, of
course, impacts the amount of energy
that will be available to the bird,”
Adeola said. “The DDGS in our study
had a fat content of around 10%, so
growers should keep this in mind
and be aware of the fat content of the
DDGS that they are buying. Given that
fat is not preferentially used as an
energy source by gut microbes, it will
be interesting to see in future studies
if the differential in IDE and MEn of
fat-extracted DDGS is similar to what
was observed in high-oil products.”
Avian flu testing
The U.S. Poultry & Egg Assn. and the
Vitamin B3 may fight
resistant staph infections
A NEW study suggests that nicotinamide (vitamin B3) may be able to
combat some of the antibiotic-resistance staph infections that are increasingly common around the world
and can pose a significant threat to
public health.
According to the announcement,
the research found that high doses of
nicotinamide increased the ability of
immune cells to kill staph bacteria by
1,000 times. The study was done both
in laboratory animals and with human
blood.
The findings were published Aug.
27 in the Journal of Clinical Investigation by researchers from Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center, the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University, the
University of California-Los Angeles
and other institutions.
“This is potentially very significant,
although we still need to do human
studies,” said Adrian Gombart, an associate professor at the Linus Pauling Institute. “Antibiotics are wonder drugs,
but they face increasing problems with
resistance by various types of bacteria,
especially Staphylococcus aureus.
“This could give us a new way to
treat staph infections that can be
deadly and might be used in combination with current antibiotics,”
September 3, 2012.indd 10
Gombart said. “It’s a way to tap into
the power of the innate immune system and stimulate it to provide a
more powerful and natural immune
response.”
The scientists found that clinical doses of nicotinamide increased the numbers and efficacy of neutrophils — a
specialized type of white blood cell that
can kill and consume harmful bacteria.
The nicotinamide was given as a
megadose, or therapeutic levels, far
beyond what any normal diet would
provide but, nonetheless, in amounts
that have already been used safely
in people as a drug for other medical
purposes, the researchers explained.
However, there is no evidence yet that
normal diets or conventional-strength
supplements of vitamin B3 would have
any beneficial effect in preventing or
treating bacterial infection, Gombart
said, adding that people should not
start taking high doses of the vitamin.
One of the most common and serious of the staph infections — methicillin-resistant S. aureus — was included
in this study.
Co-first authors Pierre Kyme and
Nils Thoennissen found that when
used in human blood, clinical doses of
vitamin B3 appeared to wipe out the
staph infection in only a few hours. ■
Energy values of corn-based DDG and DDGS for six-week-old
broiler chickens (kcal/kg)
IDE
ME
MEn
DDG
2,428
2,279
2,176
DDGS
2,922
2,800
2,688
Difference*
494
521
512
*DDGS minus DDG.
USPOULTRY Foundation announced
the completion of a research
project they funded by Dr. Erica
Spackman at the U.S. Department of
Agriculture’s Agriculture Research
Service/Southeast Poultry Research
Laboratory on optimal sample
collection methods for avian
influenza virus (AIV) detection.
Spackman said the U.S. poultry
industry has a very sophisticated
and exhaustive system to monitor
flocks for the presence of AIV. This
monitoring system is designed to
ensure the rapid detection of any
accidental introduction of AIV into
poultry in the U.S. so that measures
to control and eradicate the virus can
be swiftly implemented.
Each year, the poultry industry
collects and tests a very large
number of samples. The methods
used for collecting the samples are a
critical component of the success of
the program, she noted.
Spackman critically evaluated
the sample collection methods and
established recommendations for
improving and standardizing those
methods.
Currently, in the U.S., large numbers
of swab samples are collected
from domestic poultry and wild
birds for AIV detection by real-time
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
commercial antigen immunoassays
(AgIA) and virus isolation (VI).
Sample collection procedures are
not unified but are similar among
most programs, Spackman said.
Importantly, the specific details of
sample collection practices have
never been evaluated for their effects
on the sensitivity and specificity of
RT-PCR, AgIA and, in some cases, VI.
Spackman said the study was
initiated because some new and
existing technologies and alternative
approaches to swab collection
have been identified that have the
potential to reduce the cost of testing
and/or could improve sensitivity and
specificity. Low-pathogenic AIV was
the focus of this work because it is
diagnostically more difficult to detect
than highly pathogenic AIV, she said.
Several aspects of AIV sample
collection were evaluated using
swabs from experimentally exposed
chickens to simulate clinical samples.
The three most common diagnostic
assays for AIV — RT-PCR, VI and
both commercial AgIA licensed in
the U.S. — were used to evaluate the
methods.
Swab type. Three swab types
Animal/human disease
transmission on agenda
MOTION pictures often like to promote the myth that people are always the “victims” when it comes
to diseases shared by animals and
humans, referred to as zoonotic diseases.
However, in reality, the illnesses
can pass either direction, said Armando Hoet, director of the Veterinary Public Health Program within
The Ohio State University’s College
of Veterinary Medicine.
“The truth is, you are more likely
to get an infectious disease from another person than from an animal,”
Hoet said. “Plus, we are also an important source of infectious agents
to animals, as many of our own infectious diseases — such as tuberculosis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and intestinal
pathogens, just to name a few — can
be passed from humans to animals,
making them sick.”
Hoet will discuss the diseases that
can move from humans to animals,
and vice versa, and how to prevent
this transmission in a program titled
“Can Your Animals Make You Sick?”
during the Farm Science Review
Sept. 18-20 near London, Ohio.
In the past 60 years, more than
70% of all newly emerging infectious
diseases in humans have originated
from animals. Examples of these are
avian influenza, SARS, West Nile virus, hantavirus, porcine hepatitis E
and livestock-associated MRSA, Ohio
State said.
Hoet will focus his talk on live-
stock-associated MRSA, which has
increased in prevalence in different animal populations around the
world and is now being reported
among U.S. animals. Staphylococci
bacteria are commonly present on
the skin, nose and other locations
of the human body, but rarely in
animals. Staph infections in people
are typically easily treated with common antibiotics such as penicillin or
amoxicillin.
However, some groups of staph
have become resistant to all of the
typical antibiotics used as the first
line of defense in treating these infections, Hoet said.
“These MRSA (infections) are very
difficult and expensive to treat,” he
said. “It is very, very important to highlight that MRSA is a primary human
pathogen that is now ‘spilling over’ to
the animal side, but once animals are
infected with MRSA, they can pass
along such superbugs to other individuals, including humans and animals.”
Because staph infections, specifically MRSA, are increasing in number in different animal populations,
it is important that animal handlers
learn how this bacterium can be
transmitted so they can learn how
to protect themselves and their animals, Hoet said.
“In any case, you always have to
be aware of your personal hygiene
when working with animals so you
can minimize the risk of zoonotic
transmission of infectious diseases,”
he said. ■
8/30/2012 12:06:58 PM