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10 Feedstuffs, September 3, 2012 Nutrition & Health: Poultry DDG energy available R ESEARCHERS at Purdue University have determined the amount of metabolizable energy (ME) available to young broiler chickens from corn-sourced dried distillers grains (DDGs) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). The results of their study appeared in an article in a recent issue of Poultry Science. Currently, with a large share of the annual U.S. corn crop being used for ethanol production, poultry growers have turned to DDGs and DDGS, both byproducts of the ethanol production process, to provide an economically affordable substitute. However, the challenge has been to accurately determine the energy content of these fermentation byproducts. “The energy and nutrients of different components of the feed are extracted at different parts of the bird’s digestive tract, and not all of the energy in the feed is actually available to the bird. For example, when feed moves from the ileum to the cecum and large intestine, microbes in the gut will extract a significant portion of the nutrients for their own energy needs. It turns out that the most accurate measure of the energy in DDG and DDGS available to the bird is the ‘ileal digestible energy’ (IDE), most of which can be utilized by the animal. Hence, determining the IDE value was the focus of our research,” said Dr. Layi Adeola, the article’s lead author and a professor in Purdue’s department of animal sciences. IDE reflects the energy digested and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract up to the ileum. In addition to IDE, the researchers determined the ME and nitrogencorrected ME (MEn) contents of corn DDGs and DDGS. All determinations were for six-week-old broiler chickens using a multiple linear regression method. In each case, the researchers Research with TIM LUNDEEN found a difference of roughly 500 kcal/kg of dry matter between DDGs and DDGS, with DDGS having the higher value (Table). In an earlier study, Adeola’s research group studied ME and MEn using three-week-old broilers and found significant differences compared with the current study, leading them to conclude that the ability of broilers to extract energy from these byproducts varies with age. Fat content. Studies have shown that when the solubles are added back to corn DDGs, the fat content rises from approximately 8% to 10.5% in corn DDGS. Due to the significant increase in fat prices concomitant with the increase in the cost of corn, some DDGS producers are skimming off some of the oil and selling it directly to growers rather than adding it back to the DDGS. “The result is that the fat content of DDGS on the market is getting progressively lower — down from around 10% to just 4-5% — which, of course, impacts the amount of energy that will be available to the bird,” Adeola said. “The DDGS in our study had a fat content of around 10%, so growers should keep this in mind and be aware of the fat content of the DDGS that they are buying. Given that fat is not preferentially used as an energy source by gut microbes, it will be interesting to see in future studies if the differential in IDE and MEn of fat-extracted DDGS is similar to what was observed in high-oil products.” Avian flu testing The U.S. Poultry & Egg Assn. and the Vitamin B3 may fight resistant staph infections A NEW study suggests that nicotinamide (vitamin B3) may be able to combat some of the antibiotic-resistance staph infections that are increasingly common around the world and can pose a significant threat to public health. According to the announcement, the research found that high doses of nicotinamide increased the ability of immune cells to kill staph bacteria by 1,000 times. The study was done both in laboratory animals and with human blood. The findings were published Aug. 27 in the Journal of Clinical Investigation by researchers from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University, the University of California-Los Angeles and other institutions. “This is potentially very significant, although we still need to do human studies,” said Adrian Gombart, an associate professor at the Linus Pauling Institute. “Antibiotics are wonder drugs, but they face increasing problems with resistance by various types of bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus. “This could give us a new way to treat staph infections that can be deadly and might be used in combination with current antibiotics,” September 3, 2012.indd 10 Gombart said. “It’s a way to tap into the power of the innate immune system and stimulate it to provide a more powerful and natural immune response.” The scientists found that clinical doses of nicotinamide increased the numbers and efficacy of neutrophils — a specialized type of white blood cell that can kill and consume harmful bacteria. The nicotinamide was given as a megadose, or therapeutic levels, far beyond what any normal diet would provide but, nonetheless, in amounts that have already been used safely in people as a drug for other medical purposes, the researchers explained. However, there is no evidence yet that normal diets or conventional-strength supplements of vitamin B3 would have any beneficial effect in preventing or treating bacterial infection, Gombart said, adding that people should not start taking high doses of the vitamin. One of the most common and serious of the staph infections — methicillin-resistant S. aureus — was included in this study. Co-first authors Pierre Kyme and Nils Thoennissen found that when used in human blood, clinical doses of vitamin B3 appeared to wipe out the staph infection in only a few hours. ■ Energy values of corn-based DDG and DDGS for six-week-old broiler chickens (kcal/kg) IDE ME MEn DDG 2,428 2,279 2,176 DDGS 2,922 2,800 2,688 Difference* 494 521 512 *DDGS minus DDG. USPOULTRY Foundation announced the completion of a research project they funded by Dr. Erica Spackman at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agriculture Research Service/Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory on optimal sample collection methods for avian influenza virus (AIV) detection. Spackman said the U.S. poultry industry has a very sophisticated and exhaustive system to monitor flocks for the presence of AIV. This monitoring system is designed to ensure the rapid detection of any accidental introduction of AIV into poultry in the U.S. so that measures to control and eradicate the virus can be swiftly implemented. Each year, the poultry industry collects and tests a very large number of samples. The methods used for collecting the samples are a critical component of the success of the program, she noted. Spackman critically evaluated the sample collection methods and established recommendations for improving and standardizing those methods. Currently, in the U.S., large numbers of swab samples are collected from domestic poultry and wild birds for AIV detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), commercial antigen immunoassays (AgIA) and virus isolation (VI). Sample collection procedures are not unified but are similar among most programs, Spackman said. Importantly, the specific details of sample collection practices have never been evaluated for their effects on the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR, AgIA and, in some cases, VI. Spackman said the study was initiated because some new and existing technologies and alternative approaches to swab collection have been identified that have the potential to reduce the cost of testing and/or could improve sensitivity and specificity. Low-pathogenic AIV was the focus of this work because it is diagnostically more difficult to detect than highly pathogenic AIV, she said. Several aspects of AIV sample collection were evaluated using swabs from experimentally exposed chickens to simulate clinical samples. The three most common diagnostic assays for AIV — RT-PCR, VI and both commercial AgIA licensed in the U.S. — were used to evaluate the methods. Swab type. Three swab types Animal/human disease transmission on agenda MOTION pictures often like to promote the myth that people are always the “victims” when it comes to diseases shared by animals and humans, referred to as zoonotic diseases. However, in reality, the illnesses can pass either direction, said Armando Hoet, director of the Veterinary Public Health Program within The Ohio State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine. “The truth is, you are more likely to get an infectious disease from another person than from an animal,” Hoet said. “Plus, we are also an important source of infectious agents to animals, as many of our own infectious diseases — such as tuberculosis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and intestinal pathogens, just to name a few — can be passed from humans to animals, making them sick.” Hoet will discuss the diseases that can move from humans to animals, and vice versa, and how to prevent this transmission in a program titled “Can Your Animals Make You Sick?” during the Farm Science Review Sept. 18-20 near London, Ohio. In the past 60 years, more than 70% of all newly emerging infectious diseases in humans have originated from animals. Examples of these are avian influenza, SARS, West Nile virus, hantavirus, porcine hepatitis E and livestock-associated MRSA, Ohio State said. Hoet will focus his talk on live- stock-associated MRSA, which has increased in prevalence in different animal populations around the world and is now being reported among U.S. animals. Staphylococci bacteria are commonly present on the skin, nose and other locations of the human body, but rarely in animals. Staph infections in people are typically easily treated with common antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin. However, some groups of staph have become resistant to all of the typical antibiotics used as the first line of defense in treating these infections, Hoet said. “These MRSA (infections) are very difficult and expensive to treat,” he said. “It is very, very important to highlight that MRSA is a primary human pathogen that is now ‘spilling over’ to the animal side, but once animals are infected with MRSA, they can pass along such superbugs to other individuals, including humans and animals.” Because staph infections, specifically MRSA, are increasing in number in different animal populations, it is important that animal handlers learn how this bacterium can be transmitted so they can learn how to protect themselves and their animals, Hoet said. “In any case, you always have to be aware of your personal hygiene when working with animals so you can minimize the risk of zoonotic transmission of infectious diseases,” he said. ■ 8/30/2012 12:06:58 PM