Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM Craig K. Harris Department of Sociology Michigan State University GLOBALIZATION • Increased accumulation through – Flexibility of sourcing of inputs and products – Flexibility of marketing of products and outputs – Mobility of capital to sites of greatest profit – Avoiding progressive control by nation-state on processes of labor, production and marketing – Avoiding progressive taxation for liberal welfare programs GLOBALIZATION • Increased accumulation • Two counter tendencies – Progressive populist demand for state activity for public good (e.g., human health, biophysical environment) – Regressive elite demand for state activity to enhance accumulation (e.g., human health, natural resources) GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption • Increased variety of processing – Drying GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption • Increased variety of processing – Drying, smoking, fermenting – Canning GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption • Increased variety of processing – Drying, smoking, fermenting – Canning – Freezing GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption • Increased variety of processing – Drying, smoking, fermenting – Canning – Freezing – Breading and battering GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption • Increased variety of processing – Drying, smoking, fermenting – Canning – Freezing – Breading and battering – Reformulating The artistry of Surimi now is beyond just the block of flash frozen minced fish, but it's the art and craft of food history and development to feed the human need. GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption • Increased diversity of processing • Increasing availability of fresh fish GLOBAL FISHERIES SYSTEM • Increased production and consumption • Increased diversity of processing • Increasing availability of fresh fish – Both frozen and fresh imply an effective cold chain GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • • • • Increased production and consumption Increased diversity of processing Increasing availability of fresh fish Increasing diversity of seafood species GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • • • • • Increased production and consumption Increased diversity of processing Increasing availability of fresh fish Increasing diversity of seafood species Large scale harvesting – Fleets GLOBAL FISHERIES SYSTEM • • • • • Increased production and consumption Increased diversity of processing Increasing availability of fresh fish Increasing diversity of seafood species Large scale harvesting – Fleets – Ships GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • • • • • • Increased production and consumption Increased diversity of processing Increasing availability of fresh fish Increasing diversity of seafood species Large scale harvesting Shift of production from harvesting to aquaculture Millions Fish Production (in MT) 140 Aquaculture Capture 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 FISHSTAT 2004 GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • • • • • • Increased production and consumption Increased variety of processing Increasing availability of fresh fish Increasing diversity of seafood species Large scale harvesting Shift of production from harvesting to aquaculture • Increasing international trade Developing 30 Developed 25 20 15 10 US$ x 1000 million Fish Commodities - Export 35 5 0 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 FISHSTAT 2004 TROUBLE IN PARADISE • Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield TROUBLE IN PARADISE • Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield • Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity Table E.2 - Extent of overcapacity in the UK fleet segments of the Channel fishery (%) Weights given to each objective Fleet segment wprofit = 0.5; wemployment = 1; wsequity = 1 wprofit = 1; wemployment = 1; wsequity = 1 wprofit = 1; wemployment = 0.5; wsequity = 1 otter trawl 102% 223% inf beam trawl 24% 42% 0% dredge 0% 0% 0% pots 0% 0% 0% 12% 12% 12% 0% 29% 94% net/line inshore mixed TROUBLE IN PARADISE • Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield • Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity • Negative impacts on non-target species (bycatch, habitat disruption, competition) – Dolphins – Turtles – Albatrosses – Sea lions TROUBLE IN PARADISE • Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield • Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity • Negative impacts on non-target species (bycatch, habitat disruption, competition) • Contamination of seafood TROUBLE IN PARADISE • Continued exploitation of seafood stocks beyond sustainable yield • Excess investment in production, transportation, and marketing capacity • Negative impacts on non-target species (bycatch) • Contamination of seafood • Competition with, and displacement of, domestic industry Methylmercury concentrations in canned tuna 0.9 • 219 samples from Yess 1993 study 0.8 • 115 samples from FDA surveillance (1992-1998) • 27 samples from FDA’s Total Diet Study (1990-1997) • 118 samples from the State of Florida (2000) Methylmercury concentration (ppm) 479 samples: 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Canned tuna Environmental Working Group THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE • Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE • Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system • If so, what are its features THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE • Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system • If so, what are its features • If so, what is the causal process that is producing it THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE • Can we see a transnational state with respect to the global seafood system • If so, what are its features • If so, what is the causal process that is producing it • Is the transnational state in the seafood system a progressive or a regressive development THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Characteristics of the transnational state – William Friedland – “palimpsest” – William Robinson – Alexander Wendt – “issue specific” THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Functions of the transnational state – Foster accumulation of wealth THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Functions of the transnational state – Foster accumulation of wealth – Rationalization of system THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Functions of the transnational state – Foster accumulation of wealth – Rationalization of system – Maintain legitimacy of social system THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Functions of the transnational state – Foster accumulation of wealth – Rationalization of system – Maintain legitimacy of social system – Regulation of markets and labor THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Functions of the transnational state – Foster accumulation of wealth – Rationalization of system – Maintain legitimacy of social system – Regulation of markets and labor – Protect society against negative effects of competition THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows – World Bank THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows – World Bank – Asian Development Bank THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows – World Bank – Asian Development Bank – African Development Bank • Three projects THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Both facilitate the mobility of capital, and guide the directions of its flows – World Bank – Asian Development Bank – African Development Bank – Inter-American Development Bank THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the labor process – International Labor Organization THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the ecological process – United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea • Gave nation-states exclusive control over resources within 200 miles of coastline • Nation-states can in turn grant proprietary rights to persons and corporations – Individual transferable quotas – Open ocean aquaculture THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the ecological process – United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea – United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory and Straddling Stocks THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the ecological process – United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea – United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory and Straddling Stocks – UN Food and Agriculture Organization Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the ecological process – United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea – United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory and Straddling Stocks – UN Food and Agriculture Organization Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries – International Whaling Commission THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the ecological process – United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea – United Nations Convention On Highly Migratory and Straddling Stocks – UN Food and Agriculture Organization Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries – International Whaling Commission – Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species (CITES) CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII (FISH) ACIPENSERIFORMES Paddlefish, sturgeons ACIPENSERIFORMES spp. (Except the species included in Appendix I) Acipenseridae Sturgeons Acipenser brevirostrum Acipenser sturio OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES Osteoglossidae Arapaima, bonytongue Arapaima gigas Scleropages formosus CYPRINIFORMES Cyprinidae Blind carps, plaeesok Caecobarbus geertsi Probarbus jullieni Catostomidae Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus SILURIFORMES Pangasiidae Pangasid catfish Pangasianodon gigas SYNGNATHIFORMES Syngnathidae Pipefishes, seahorses Hippocampus spp. PERCIFORMES Labridae Wrasses Cheilinus undulatus Sciaenidae Totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi CLASS SARCOPTERYGII (LUNGFISHES) COELACANTHIFORMES Latimeriidae Coelacanths Latimeria spp. CERATODONTIFORMES Ceratodontidae Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the harvest – Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the harvest – Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (1949) – InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission (1950) THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Regulate the harvest – Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (1949) – InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission(1950) – Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (1998) THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Global civil society organizations – World Wildlilfe Fund (WWF) THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Global civil society organizations – World Wildlilfe Fund (WWF) – International Collective In Support of Fishworkers (ICSF) THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Global civil society organizations – World Wildlilfe Fund (WWF) – International Collective In Support of Fishworkers (ICSF) – World Aquaculture Society (WAS) THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Hybrid organizations – Marine Stewardship Council • Created by WWF and Unilever THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Palimpsest – Withering away of the nation state – Active replacement of the nation state THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Palimpsest • Emergent – Growing out of organizations created by nation states • Regime formation (UNFAO) • Treaty (World Bank) THE TRANSNATIONAL STATE AND THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD SYSTEM • Palimpsest • Emergent – Growing out of organizations created by nation states • Regime formation (UNFAO) • Treaty (World Bank) • Progressive or regressive