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Gross Morbid Anatomy of Cattle C. L. Davis Foundation’s “Gross Morbid Anatomy of Diseases of Animals”April 2005, AFIP, Washington, DC. Fabio Del Piero, DVM, Dipl. ACVP, PhD, Associate Professor of Pathology Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Tel.: ** 610-925-6210; Fax: ** 610-925-8110; E-mail: [email protected] Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments LEUKON and ERYTHRON Spleen Bacterial emboli: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum Thrombosis and infarction Abscesses Thrombosis and infarction From ruminitis, traumatic (hardware) reticulitis, pododermatitis. From abomasal displacement. Lymphoma Bovine leukosis retrovirus BVDV Lymphoma DD: Myeloproliferative disease. reactive DD: infectious diseases Lymphoma Bone marrow Lymphoma Bovine leukosis retrovirus Juvenile (non viral) lymphoma Emaciation Multiple organs Clostridium haemolyticum Hemoglobin staining (hemolysis) Multiple organs Thrombocytopenic BVDV-2 Hemorrhagic diathesis Oral cavity Palatoschisis (cleft palate) Palatoschisis (cleft palate) Oral cavity Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Erosive and ulcerative stomatitis Oral cavity Tongue Fusobacterium necrophorum Actinobacillus lignieresi Necrotizing stomatitis Fibrosing pyogranulomatous glossitis Organisms inoculated by forage within the lingual fossa. Esophagus Esophagus Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Malignant catarrhal fever herpesviruses Papillomatosis Papillomavirus Gongylonemiasis Gongylonema pulchrum Erosive esophagitis Erosive esophagitis DD: Rinderpest, MCF. DD: BVDV, rinderpest. Papillomas Obstruction in very rare cases. Gongylonemiasis Frequent incidental finding. Forestomachs Vagal indigestion Impaction Hoflund syndromes due to vagal lesions Rumen Rumen Overeating disease Toxic ruminitis secondary to overeating Grain overload Ulcerative and necrotizing (full thickness) ruminitis Spleen Spleen Lymph node Tonsil Lymph nodes Thymus Lymphoma DD : Bovine leukosis retrovirus Serous atrophy of fat Chronic diseases (TB, Johne’ ds, neoplasia), malnutrition, maldentition. DD: Alliaceae; Babesia bovis, Anaplasma marginale. DD: Nitrofurazone, vit K antagonists. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Esophagus Esophagus Sometimes cheilo-palatoschisis. Secondary milk inhalation pneumonia. DD: Rinderpest; vesicular stomatitis, FMD, MCF, bluetongue; Hg. Grain, apples, lowering pH feedstuffs. Bacterial emboli to the liver multiple abscesses (A. pyogenes, Fusobacterium Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments necrophorum). Rumen Necrobacillosis Fusobacterium necrophorum Mycotic ruminitis Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., other Zygomycetes Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Bovine pestivirus Coagulative necrosis Necrohemorrhagic (thrombotic) multifocal omasitis, ruminitis Erosive omasitis Ulcers Sometimes predisposed by BVDV, especially during BVDV-MD. DD: rinderpest, MCF. DD: rinderpest, FMD; mycotoxins (T2). Focal necrotizing reticulitis Trichobezoars Metal foreign body (9-13 cm) with bent end by baling machine. Veal calves licking each other. Paramphistomum cervi Larvae are hematophagic. Necrotizing (necrohemorrhagic) abomasitis with perforation “braxy” Abomasum Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease) Ruminal endogenous foreign body Paramphistomiasis Paramphistomum cervi *Clostridium spp., Gram negative bacteria, Sarcina spp., Candida spp., Mucor spp. (combinations of the above). Multiple ulcers Multiple ulcers Abomasum Perforating ulcer Perforating ulcer Abomasum Rupture Rupture Abomasum Multifocal mucosal hyperplasia Lymphoma Multifocal mucosal hyperplasia Lymphoma Stress, nutritional, displacements, infectious agents above* and BVDV. Stress, nutritional, displacements, infectious agents above*. Rare (2 in 5 years), secondary to displacements. Secondary to ulcer repair? Enteritis Large intestine Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, rotavirus, coronavirus, parvovirus, pestivirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Eimeria bovis and zűrni. Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Cecum Rinderpest morbillivirus Intestine Intestine Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Forestomachs Omasum Rumen Reticulum Rumen, abomasum Rumen Abomasum Abomasum Small intestine Small intestine Rectum Ileocecal valve Small intestine Johne disease (paratuberculosis) Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome Very common location as well as heart, uterus and lymphoid organs. Sometimes combination of agents. Fibrinous and necrotizing (diphtheritic) enteritis Fibrinous and necrotizing (diphtheritic) typhlitis Fibrinous and necrotizing (diphtheritic) typhlitis DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella + BVDV, rinderpest. DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella +BVDV, rinderpest. DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella +BVDV, rinderpest. Intraluminal fibrin cast Necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis with Payer’s patch necrosis As above. DD: Rinderpest, salmonellosis. Linear acute hemorrhages Any cause, including BVD; artifact. Also lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, hepatitis. Granulomatous enterotyphlocolitis Intraluminal acute hemorrhage 2 Possible etiologies: Clostridium spp. +/- diet changes. Still unknown. Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Intestine Organ Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Caseous ulcerative enteritis Spiral colon Fat necrosis Fat necrosis Rectum Rectal tear Rectal tear Small intestine Taeniasis Monietia spp. Intestinal ascaridiasis Toxocara vitulorum Trichuriasis (Trichocephaliasis) Trichuris discolor Lymphoma Adenocarcinoma Catarrhal typhlitis Small intestine Cecum Intestine Intestine Lymphoma Adenocarcinoma Mesenteric cyst – Glisson’s capsule cyst Ventral mesenteric cyst Focal lipidosis related to fibrous adhesion blood vessel Liver Diaphragm Liver Liver Liver Telangiectasia Lipidosis, cholestasis and gall bladder dilatation Liver Systemic passive congestion Congestion and diffuse fibrosis. Liver (calf) Systemic passive congestion secondary to Neospora myocarditis Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity Crotalaria, Senecium, Cynoglossum, Heliotropium, Echium,, Amsinckia, Symphytum Congestion and diffuse fibrosis Liver Livers Diffuse severe panlobular fibrosis (cirrhosis) 1) Normal 2) Nutmeg 3) Fibrosing cholangitis Multifocal necrosis Liver Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica Liver Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum Multiple abscesses Liver Bacteria Liver Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Umbilical and hepatic abscesses (Suppurative omphalitis and hepatitis) Biliary caseous cholangitis 3 Pathogenesis, comments Trauma, congenital (Guernsey, Jersey), ketosis (a total of 15 possible causes). Dorsal, due to rectal palpation or malicious; obstructions. DD: Lymphoma. Congenital; often observed in cloned calves. Fibrous adhesion with blood vessel traction focal mild ischemia focal lipidosis. Older cows; estrogen related? DD: ketosis, endometritis and other infections with endotoxemia; fat cow syndrome. DD: Cardiac (malformation, myocarditis [Neospora], necrosis (bacteria, viruses, ionophores); Pulmonary (pneumonia, thrombosis). DD: see above. Cytopathic effect and mitosis inhibition causing hepatic portal fibrosis with bile duct hyperplasia and megalocytes. Photosensitivity dermatitis. DD # 3: Fascioliasis, calculi. DD: BHV-1 (gray foci), Listeria monocytogenes, other Gramnegative bacteria; autolysis. Ruminitis portal bacterial emboli hepatic abscesses rupture in vena cava 1) no consequences 2) vegetative endocarditis, lung abscess possible erosion of blood vessels exsanguination 3) sudden death due to septic shock. DD: E. coli, Salmonella, A. pyogenes, others; often right side involvement following the veins. Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Peritoneum Septic peritonitis Fibrinous peritonitis Peritoneum Emaciation Serous atrophy of fat Peritoneum Fat necrosis Lymphoma Carcinomatosis Pathogenesis, comments Ruptures and perforations with sepsis; septicemia. Malnutrition; chronic diseases; maldentition. Trauma, congenital (Guernsey, Jersey), ketosis (a total of 15 possible causes). Mesentery Peritoneum Lymphoma Carcinomatosis Muzzle Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitits Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) Malignant Catarrhal Fever Ovine Herpesvirus-2 Erosive mucocutaneous dermatitis and gingivitis (and rhinitis) Erosive mucocutaneous dermatitis and gingivitis (and rhinitis) Cystic glands DD: BVDV, MCF, rinderpest, bluetongue. Larynx Haemophilus somnus Ulcer Ulcer Entry of infection. Larynx-pharynx Balling gun injury Necrotizing pharyngitis and laryngitis with intralesional exogenous foreign body (boli) Trachea Mycotic tracheitis Multifocal necrohemorrhagic tracheitis Trachea Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Bovine herpesvirus 1 and secondary bacteria Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis From uterine or intestinal adenocarcinoma. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Muzzle Sinuses Lungs Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Rib cage Lung Pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) Pasteurella multocida Pneumonic “mannheimiosis” (shipping fever) Mannheimia haemolytica Pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) Pasteurella multocida DD: BVDV, BHV-1, rinderpest, bluetongue. Secondary to BVDV-MD. Anemia and interstitial emphysema Cranioventral (suppurative) bronchopneumonia Exsanguination and agonal respiratory distress. Common. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp. Cranioventral (suppurative) hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia DD: Pasteurella multocida, thrombocytopenic BVDV-2. Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia with bronchiectasis and abscesses DD: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Haemophilus spp., Arcanobacterium pyogenes. DD: Parainfluenza 3 virus (little pathogenic), BVDV. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp. Possible severe pleuritis with bacterial thoracic empyema. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp, A. pyogenes. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp, A. pyogenes. PPLO = pleuropneumonia-like organisms. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Pneumovirus Pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) Pasteurella multocida Bronchointerstitial pneumonia Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Fibrinous pleuritis Cranioventral hemorrhagic and necrotizing pneumonia (sequestrum formation) Fibrinous pleuritis and abscesses Necrosuppurative and fibrinous broncho-pnemonia with pleuritis (and interstitial 4 Organ Etiology/Disease mycoides small colony type (PPLO) Gross Diagnosis Lung edema with lymphatic thrombosis) As above with renal infarcts (containing PPLO) Abscess Pulmonary artery rupture and hemorrhage (Septic) thrombus Lung Focal gangrenous pneumonia Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Trachea and bronchi Bronchial lymph nodes and lung Arcanobacterium pyogenes Inhalation (ab ingestis) pneumonia Mycotic pneumonia Aspergillus spp. Rhyzopus, others Zygomycetes; Proliferative pneumonia Secondary to bacterial and/or viral pneumonia Allergic pneumonia Micropolyspora faeni Diffuse pneumonia Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Dictyocaulus viviparus Lymphoma Caseous pneumonia with cavitations Catarrhal tracheobronchitis Lymphoma Multifocal necrotizing pneumonia Proliferative pneumonia Proliferative (eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic)pneumonia Pathogenesis, comments Secondary to vegetative septic endocarditis. Secondary to septic thrombus DD: Inhalation (ab ingestis) pneumonia. Iatrogenic (stomach tube). Rarely predisposed by leukopenic salmonellosis and/or BVDV. DD: Tryptophan (3-metyl indole), moldy sweet potatoes, perilla mint; ascarid migration. Bovine equivalent of farmer’s lung. DD: Toxocara vitulorum migration, Hypoderma spp. larvae migration. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart Heart Emaciation Serous atrophy of fat Epicardial granulation tissue Heart valves Serous lymphatic cyst Heart valve Hematic vascular cyst Heart Incomplete subaortic stenotic fibrotic ring Heart Tetralogy of Fallot Heart Interventricular septal defect Heart Interventricular septal defect and abscesses Vegetative valvular (septic) endocarditis Heart valve Heart Epicardial-pericardial serosal friction. Frequent incidental finding. Segmental closure of lymphatic circulation. Increasing in number with age. Segmental closure of blood vessels. Increasing in number with age, sometimes present at birth. Congenital. DD: jet fibrotic lesion secondary to valvular dysplasia. Traumatic septic pericarditis Hardware disease Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis 5 Common, often compatible with life. Valvular dysplasia bacteremia (foot abscess, mastitis, etc.) fibrin thrombi bacterial proliferation VVE emboli to lung (RV), emboli to kidney and other sites (LV). DD: septicemia in calves (rare). Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Heart Heart Fibrosing dilatative cardiomyopathy Lymphoma Lymphoma Jugular vein (Septic) thrombosis Large splanchnic vein Thrombosis Pulmonary artery Rupture with acute hemorrhage Uterine artery Ruminal artery Vena cava Suppurative perforation of adjacent abscess Aorta Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis) Mineralization Skeletal muscle White muscle disease (Enzootic myopathy) Vit. E and Se responsive disease Necrosis and mineralization Skeletal muscle Black leg Clostridium chauvoei Gangrenous myositis Pathogenesis, comments Genetic. Brown Swiss, Japanese black cattle, Angus, SimmenthalHolstein, Holstein. Especially on the right side; frequent location as well as abomasum, lymphoid organs and uterus. Venipuncture with bacteremia/septicemia. Lung embolism abscesses, gangrenous pneumonia. Sepsis (A.pyogenes); abomasal displacements. Vascular dysplasia (aneurism, dysgenesis of elastic fibers [copper deficiency, lathyrism]). May occur in small epizootics. Consequences: 1) none 2) septic shock 3) vegetative endocarditis 4) lung abscesses. Sporadic, cause unknown. DD: Vitamin D poisoning: Cestrum diurnum, Solanum malacoxylon, Trisetum flavescens). MUSCULAR SYSTEM Coccygeal mm. Skeletal muscle Caudal ascending gangrenous myositis Also heart and tongue. DD: toxic plants Vitamin D poisoning: Cestrum diurnum, Solanum malacoxylon, Trisetum flavescens). Compression necrosis (compartmental syndrome). Spores in the muscle trauma (other) proliferation toxins vascular necrosis hemorrhage ischemia and necrosis. DD: Malignant edema (Cl. septicum), Docking secondary bacterial infection. Cysticercosis Cysticercus bovis (larva of Taenia saginata) URINARY SYSTEM Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidneys Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Bacillary hemoglobinuria Clostridium haemolyticum. Babesiosis, Babesia bovis Unilateral agenesis, hydronephrosis and hydroureter Multifocal (ischemic) necrosis Congenital (compatible with a couple of years of life). Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric) tubular necrosis Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric) tubular necrosis. DD: Babesiosis, anaplasmosis; myoglobinuria due to myopathy. DD: Anaplasma marginale, Clostridium haemolyticum; myoglobinuria due to myopathy. DD: Theileria parva, Leptospira. “White Spotted Kidney” Gram negative bacteria Multifocal (interstitial lymphocytic) nephritis Corynebacterium renale Lipidosis, infarct, cysts Bilateral pyelonephritis 6 Organ Kidney Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Lymphoma Lymphoma Lymphoma A. pyogenes Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) and papillomavirus Granulomatous nephritis Lymphoma Lymphoma Lymphoma Abscess Adenocarcinoma Pathogenesis, comments Also granuloma blood vessel obstruction infarct. DD: C. renale. SKELETAL SYSTEM Calf Chondrodysplasia (Bulldog calf) Carpus Joint Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tibia Jaw Ribs Actinomyces bovis (“lumpy jaw”) Ca:P imbalance Vertebrae Metatarsus Degenerative joint disease Metatarsus Ribs (calf) Skull Dwarfism Cerebellum Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Suppurative arthritis Fibrinosuppurative osteoarthritis Necrotizing physeal chondritisosteomyelitis Chronic pyogranulomatoous osteolytic osteomyelitis Linear osteodystrophy (osteodystrophic lines) Spondilosis (Degenerative) osteoarthropathy (with subcondral eburnation) Metaphyseal fracture Multiple chronic fractures with calluses Dysplastic cranial parietal bones Severe inherited ossification defect with cartilage persistence. Secondary to septicemia DD: Mycoplasma spp. (clearer fluid). Dystocia. NERVOUS SYSTEM Cerebellum Brain Brain Brain Brain Brainstem Pituitary gland Brain Pachymeninges Nerve Eye Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency Dysplasia –hypoplasia –aplasia Edema with caudal displacement (occipital herniation) and coning Cerebrocortical polioenecephalomalacia Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) Haemophilus somnus. Escherichia coli Multifocal necrosuppurative thrombotic meningoencephalitis Fibrinosuppurative meningitis Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Malacia (necrosuppurative meningorhombencephalitis) Arcanobacterium pyogenes Abscess Lymphoma Schwannomatosis (former neurofibromatosis) Bacteria Lymphoma Schwannoma Hypopion (anterior chamber fibrinosuppurative ophthalmitis) 7 DD: Bluetongue, Bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino). Vit B1 cofactor in oxaloacetate metabolism in Krebs cycle. Causes: Ruminal Bacillus thiaminolyticus, ruminal sulfates, poor diet. Wood’s lamp identification. Also septicemia, pneumonia, abortion, polyarthritis, tracheal ulcers. DD: A. pyogenes, other Gram negative bacteria; secondary to septicemia. Organ Eye Conjunctiva Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Dehydration Conjunctivitis BHV-1 Cornea Cornea – 3rd eyelid Malignant Catarrhal Fever Keratitis with opacity Squamous cell carcinoma Eye BVDV Microphthalmia Pathogenesis, comments DD: MCF, rinderpest, bluetongue, Moraxella bovis, Chlamydophila. Micropthalmia with retinal dysplasia FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovary Granulosa cell tumor Uterus Uterus Torsion of pregnant uterus Necrotizing endometritis Uterus Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tritrichomoniasis Tritrichomonas foetus Uterus Uterus Uterus Uterus Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Uterus Uterus Lymphoma Pyometra Retained placenta with suppurative endometritis Retained placenta with exudate concretions Adventitial placentation with caruncle hypoplasia Caseous (granulomatous) metritis Adenocarcinoma DD: E. coli, other gram negative and gram positive bacteria; opportunistic BHV-4. DD: A. pyogenes. Secondary to endometrial necrosis. Also salpingitis Rapidly metastasizes to the lungs; small size, well differentiated or anaplastic. Lymphoma Vagina Ulcerative vaginitis Parturition trauma (dystocia). PLACENTA and FETUS Bovine placenta Allantoic calculus (“boomane”) Amnion Normal Amniotic plaques Fetus Schistosomus reflexus Brain Brain Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia Schistosomus reflexus Incidental finding. Teratogenic viruses Porencephaly Hydranencephaly Cerebellum Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Fetus Bovine pestivirus Dysplasia –Hypoplasia – Aplasia Multiple malformations DD: Bluetongue orbivirus, BVDV, Bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino) DD: Bluetongue, bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino). DD: Bluetongue, bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino), Veratrum californicum (false ellebore). DD: BVDV, Bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino), Veratrum californicum (false ellebore). Soft caramel candy exudate. DD: Campylobacter spp. Head Chorioallantois Brucellosis Brucella abortus Fetus Fetus Escherichia coli Necrosuppurative (and granulomatous) chorionitis Polyserositis and hepatomegaly (granulomatous hepatitis) Polyserositis 8 DD: Brucella. Organ Chorioallatois Fetus Fetus Fetus Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments Chlamydiosis (Enzootic abortion) Chlamydophila abortus Epizootic abortion Borrelia spp. Chronic necrosuppurative chorionitis DD: Brucella, Campylobacter, Bacillus. Granulomatous (hepatitis) and lymphadenitis Transmitted by Ornithodorus tick. DD: Chlamydophila abortus. Chlamydiaceae were previously suspected as a possible cause of this abortion. Mycotic abortion Neosporosis Neospora caninum Hyperkeratotic dermatitis Anasarca Heart and liver DD: Viruses. Myocarditis and hepatic congestion and fibrosis MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Tunica vaginalis Testis Glans penis Glans penis Mesothelioma Bacterial orchitis and epididimitis Papillomavirus Suppurative orchitis Sporadic in young bulls. Progressive growth toward the peritoneal serosa. DD: Actinobacillus seminis, Brucella spp. Fibropapilloma Persistent frenulum SKIN Skin Mammary skin Foot Herpetic mammillitis Bovine herpesvirus 3. (BHV-3) Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Foot Scrotum Malignant catarrhal fever herpesvirus (AlHV1; OHV-2) Foot Acute laminitis Skin Mycotic dermatitis Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp. Cutaneous myiasis (Hypodermosis) Hypoderma bovis Lymphoma Mast cell tumor Schwannomatosis (former neurofibromatosis) Mycobacterium avium complex Frost bite Skin Skin Skin Skin Skin Skin Leukotrichia Ulcerative mammary dermatitis Interdigital erosive and ulcerative dermatitis Chronic erosive and ulcerative dermatitis and coronitis. Chronic erosive and ulcerative scrotal dermatitis Keratogenic laminar necrosis and detachment (with third phalanx sinking and/ or rotation) Trauma ? DD: Bluetongue, FMD, parapox. DD: MCF, rinderpest, FMD, bacteria. DD: BVDV, bluetongue, FMD, rinderpest, caustic poisons (NaOH). Endotoxemia, pneumonia, endogenous and iatrogenic corticosteroids, fever, plant alkaloids. 1) vasconstriction or thrombosis with ischemic necrosis 2) increased perfusion with activation of metalloproteinases. Multifocal pyogranulomatous dermatitis Eosinophilic dermatitis. Lymphoma Mast cell tumor Schwannoma Caseous granulomatous dermatitis Gangrenous dermatitis 9 DD: Lymphoma DD: TB (M.bovis) DD: ergot poisoning, septicemia Organ Mammary gland Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis MAMMARY GLAND Streptococcus uberis Acute and subacute mastitis Staphylococcus aureus Focal mastitis with dermal gangrene Gangrenous mastitis Necrosuppurative mastitis Mycotic mastitis 10 Pathogenesis, comments DD: A. pyogenes, Mycoplasma, E.coli, Nocardia, fungus.