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abrasion air mass the grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind a huge body of air that has similar temperature, pressure, and humidity throughout Image Source: http://nsidc.org/glaciers/gallery/images/molded_wall_nz_large.jpg Image Source: http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/guides/mtr/af/arms/gifs/home.gif air pressure altitude a force that is the result of the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area elevation above sea level Image Source: http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxobs/pressure/pres-fig2e.jpg Image Source: http://www.medtogo.com/assets/images/MTG_new_pics/altitude.jpg asthenosphere atmosphere the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats the mixture of gases that surrounds earth Image Source: http://www.oceanlink.info/SOLE/tectonics/images/earths_crust_small.gif Image Source: http://www.vtaide.com/png/images/atmosphere.jpg autumnal equinox biomass (biofuel) the day of the year that marks the beginning of fall in the Northern Hemisphere fuel made from things that were once alive Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png Image Source: http://www.concerto-sesac.eu/IMG/jpg/biomass.jpg capacity cementation ability to receive or contain the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass Image Source: http://regmedia.co.uk/2007/06/11/sandisk_4gb_microsd_3.jpg Image Source: http://sepmstrata.org/Bahamas/images/061-Bubble-Ooid-Sand-Before-Cementation-Joulters-Cay.jpg chemical weathering clastic the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure Image Source: http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/chemical-weathering.jpg Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/GLMsed.jpg clay compaction natural earthly material the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight Image Source: http://vinyl2.sentex.ca/~tcc/GT/dscn0305a.jpg composition compression chemical make-up of a rock stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks Image Source: http://www.usu.edu/geo/shervais/Images/PtSal_1.jpg Image Source: http://www.dunlapcusd.net/dms/Noonen/tnoonen/images/clip_image002_006.jpg condensation conduction the process by which a gas changes to a liquid the transfer of heat from one substance to another by direct contact of particles of matter Image Source: http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_114/11694249573Rz3ae.jpg Image Source: Earth Science. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. conservation continental crust the process of using a resource wisely so that it will not be used up section of earth's crust that is found underneath the continent Image Source: http://www.opuc.on.ca/media/images/GenerationConservation.jpg Image Source: http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Earth/earthstructure2.gif continental drift convection the hypothesis that the continents slowly move across Earth's surface the transfer of heat by movement of a fluid Image Source: http://www.cyburbia.org/gallery/data/6457/pangea-continental-drift.gif Image Source: Earth Science. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. convection currents convergent boundary the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another a plate boundary where two plates move toward each other Image Source: http://www.classroomatsea.net/carlsberg/images/convection.jpg Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Active_Margin.svg/500px-Active_Margin.svg.png Coriolis effect crescent moon the way Earth's rotation makes winds in the Northern Hemisphere curve to the right and winds in the Southern Hemisphere curve to the left least amount of sunlight on moon, occurs twice during the eight phases of the moon Image Source: http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/coriolis-effect.gif Image Source: http://www.air-and-space.com/Moon/20061017%20waning%20crescent%20Moon%20l.jpg crystal structure current a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again a large stream of moving water that flows through the ocean Image Source: http://newton.ex.ac.uk/research/qsystems/people/sque/images/diamond-conventional-unit-cell.gif Image Source: http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/ocean-current.jpg deep-ocean trench density a deep valley along the ocean floor through which oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantle the amount of mass in a given space Image Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/22752/images/OCEANIC_TRENCH.GIF Image Source: http://www.autocalculator.org/Images/Calculators/density-volume-mass.jpg deposition divergent boundary the process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind that is carrying it, and it deposited in a new location a plate boundary where two plates move away from each other Image Source: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/webdav/site/GSL/shared/images/education_and_careers/RockCycle/RocksAroundBritain/ Image Source: http://geology.com/nsta/divergent-boundary-continental-still.gif earthquake energy the shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface the ability to do work or cause change energy sources erosion example: wind, solar, thermal, nuclear the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil Image Source: http://www.greengop.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/alternative-energy-sources.jpg evaporation extinct the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gaseous state volcano that has ceased erupting Image Source: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/earth/groundwater/images/evap.gif Image Source: http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/images/desert/desert4.jpg extinction extrusive death of every member of a species igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface Image Source: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/90/20490-004-79221883.jpg first quarter moon fluid second stage in the phases of the moon substance that is capable of flowing Image Source: http://www.air-and-space.com/Moon/20060831%20first%20quarter%20Moon%20l.jpg Image Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/heat_transfer_fluid.jpg foliated fossil terms used to describe metamorphic rocks whose grains are arranged in parallel layers or bands the preserved remains or traces of living things Image Source: http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/urbgeo/geomapvan/images/rangee14_left.jpg fossil fuel geologic time scale an energy-rich substance formed from the remains of organisms a record of the geologic events and life forms in Earth's history Image Source: http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/images/chap08_coal_on_fire.jpg Image Source: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/gisdatamaps/images/time_scale_final2.jpg gibbous moon global winds section of moon that contains mostly sunlight winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances Image Source: http://www.air-and-space.com/Moon/20061003%20waxing%20gibbous%20l.jpg Image Source: http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/nino/question2.GIF grain gravity a particle of mineral or other rock that gives a rock its texture the attractive force between two objects Image Source: http://science.jrank.org/article_images/science.jrank.org/rock.1.jpg Image Source: http://www.icteachers.co.uk/children/sats/images/gravity.gif greenhouse effect heat the process by which heat is trapped in the atmosphere by water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases that form a "blanket" around Earth the energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one Image Source: http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/science%20images/Greenhouse_Effect.gif Image Source: http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A3/natural-heat-flow.gif igneous index fossils a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short period Image Source: http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/earthspace/images/show5-brit-with-igneous.jpg Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Calico_scallop_02.jpg inner core intrusive a dense sphere of solid iron and nickel in the center of Earth igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface Image Source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/snot/~/media/Images/content/snot/ Image Source: http://www.geologywales.co.uk/coedybrenin/greenstone2_72.jpg land breeze lava the flow of air from land to a body of water magma that reaches the surface Image Source: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/74/7574-004-76AF45F8.gif Image Source: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/01443/lava_1443055c.jpg law of superposition loam the geologic principle that states in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it rich, fertile soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt Image Source: http://www.ukfossils.co.uk/guides/stratigraphy/Pic%201.jpg Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Lehmgrube.jpg local winds lunar eclipse winds that blow over short distances the blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when Earth is directly between the sun and moon Image Source: http://www.myccr.com/images/Images_Technique/Local_Winds.gif Image Source: http://starryskies.com/The_sky/events/lunar-2003/lunar.eclipse01.jpg lunar month/synodic period magma length of time from one new moon to the next the molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water that makes up part of Earth's mantle Image Source: http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/images/lunarcycles/synodic.jpg Image Source: http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/archive/2003/May/20030503-0021_DAS_large.jpg mantle mechanical weathering the layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core the type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces Image Source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/snot/~/media/Images/content/snot/ Image Source: http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/mechanical-weathering.jpg metamorphic metamorphism a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions changing from one type of rock to another Image Source: http://www.bcssa.org/newsroom/scholarships/great8sci/Photos/Earth_Photos/metamorphic.jpg Image Source: http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/images/temp_pressure.gif mid-ocean ridge lithosphere (mid-Atlantic ridge) the undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced Image Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Tectonics/Images/ridge_render.jpg a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust Image Source: http://www.plate-tectonics.org/Lithosphere%20and%20Asthenosphere.gif mineral mineral formation a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition process by which minerals are formed Image Source: http://www.galleries.com/Minerals/Silicate/ZOISITE/zoisite.jpg Image Source: http://www.gems.tv/img/gem/info/formation-cycle.jpg molten rock natural resources liquefied by heat any natural material that is used by humans Image Source: http://www.moolf.com/images/stories/Amazing/Volcanoes-Lava/Volcanoes-Lava-15.jpg Image Source: http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/sullivan/nat%20resoures.jpg non-renewable resource oceanic crust a natural resource that is not replaced as it is used section of earth's crust that is found underneath the ocean Image Source: http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wy/field-offices/rock_springs/Minerals.Par.41776.Image.-1.-1.1.gif Image Source: http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Earth/earthstructure2.gif organic original horizontality sedimentary rock that forms where remains of organisms are deposited in thick layers principle that states that most sedimentary layers of rock are deposited in a horizontal position Image Source: http://www.appaltree.net/aba/images/coal/coal.jpg Image Source: http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/as/strat/Image21.gif outer core Pangaea a layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth the name of the single land mass that broke apart 225 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents Image Source: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/snot/~/media/Images/content/snot/ Image Source: http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/images/fig83.jpg plate boundaries plate tectonics place where two tectonics plate meet the theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle Image Source: http://geology1a-1.wikispaces.com/file/view/597340%5B1%5D.jpg/88419803/597340%5B1%5D.jpg Image Source: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/plate_tectonics.gif precipitation radiant energy forms of water such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail that fall from clouds and reach Earth's surface energy from the Sun Image Source: http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/precipitation.gif Image Source: http://www.household-helper.com/images/radiant_energy.jpg radiation relative age the direct transfer of energy through empty space by electromagnetic waves age of a rock compared to the age of rock layers Image Source: http://www.teachnet.ie/dkeenahan/images/radiation%20symbol%202.gif Image Source: http://www.agiweb.org/news/evolution/figures/superposition.gif renewable resource revolution a resource that is naturally replaced in a relatively short time the movement of an object around another object Image Source: http://newscenter.lbl.gov/wp-content/uploads/201_2658495.JPG Image Source: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/scienceforohio/Seasons/images/SunErthB.gif rifting rock composition a fault material of which a rock is made Image Source: http://www.smu.ca/academic/science/geology/images/rifting.jpg Image Source: http://harrimanrocks.rutgers.edu/Images/microscope1.gif rock cycle rotation a series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rock from one kind to another the spinning motion of a planet about its axis Image Source: http://dnowlan.ca/VM/science7/planetearth/EFCycleP2.gif Image Source: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/earth_rotation.jpg sea breeze sediment the flow of air from an ocean or lake to the land small, solid particles of material from rocks or organisms which are moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition Image Source: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/74/7574-004-76AF45F8.gif Image Source: http://www.uprct.nsw.gov.au/all/news/2004/sediment.jpg sedimentary shearing a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions Image Source: http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/Images/Glossary/sedimentary_rock.jpeg Image Source: http://www.dunlapcusd.net/dms/Noonen/tnoonen/images/clip_image002_006.jpg silica sod a material that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon a thick mass of grass roots and soil Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Silica_gel.jpg Image Source: http://www.ocoee.org/Departments/PU/images/sod.jpg soil solar the loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow from the Sun Image Source: http://www.sustainabilityninja.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/potting_soil.jpg Image Source: http://www.astr.ua.edu/ay102/Lab7/Images/prominence_soho.jpg solar eclipse subduction the blocking of sunlight to Earth that occurs when the moon is between the sun and Earth the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plant boundary Image Source: http://www.popastro.com/sections/solar/total2006/totaleclipse.jpg Image Source: http://biologyeducation.net/News%20and%20Articles/images/5_subduction_zones600x376.jpg subsurface topography summer solstice features of the Earth located under the surface occurs when Earth's tilt towards the Sun at 23 degrees http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/earth/geology/ocean-floor.jpg Image Source: http://weather.thefuntimesguide.com/images/blogs/Earth-lighting-summer-solstice.png temperature tension the average amount of energy of motion in the molecules of a substance stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle Image Source: http://www.dunlapcusd.net/dms/Noonen/tnoonen/images/clip_image002_006.jpg texture thermal the size, shape, and pattern of a rock's grains heat Image Source: http://www.photoshoptextures.com/stone-textures/rocks-close-texture.jpg Image Source: http://www.wmo.ch/pages/publications/meteoworld07/_archive/en/june2007/images/HEAT_WAVE_072605.jpg third quarter moon thunderstorm sixth stage in the phases of the moon a brief, heavy storm that consists of rain, strong wind, lightning, and thunder Image Source: http://www.air-and-space.com/Moon/20061014%20last%20quarter%20Moon%20l.jpg Image Source: http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/images/lightning.jpg tides tornado the daily rise and fall of Earth's waters on shores a rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down from a storm cloud to touch Earth's surface, usually leaving a destructive path Image Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/images/2007/11/09/tides_091007_caisteronsea_450_450x300.jpg transform boundary uniformitarianism a plate boundary where two plated move past each other in opposite directions same laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the past, and will operate in the future Image Source: http://tasaclips.com/illustrations/Transform_Boundary.jpg Image Source: http://www.ukfossils.co.uk/guides/stratigraphy/Pic%203.JPG vernal equinox volcanic activities the day of the year that marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere eruption, earthquakes Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png volcano waning a weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface to shrink Image Source: http://www.air-and-space.com/Moon/20060812%20waning%20gibbous%20Moon%20l.jpg water cycle wave the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back, passing through the living and nonliving parts of the environment the movement of energy through a body of water waxing weathering to grow the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface Image Source: http://www.air-and-space.com/Moon/20061003%20waxing%20gibbous%20l.jpg Image Source: http://edusolution.com/regentsexams/earthscience/june2002/ques26.gif wind winter solstice the horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure occurs when Earth's tilt is farthest away from the Sun at 23 degrees Image Source: http://www.edmondsfire.org/images/TreeBlowing.gif Image Source: http://www.crystalinks.com/wintersolstice2.jpg