Download Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki

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Objectives
• To identify pests associated with common
plants and crops.
• To analyze the characteristics associated
with common pests of plants.
• To identify the uses and types of
pesticides.
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Main Menu
• Introduction to Insects
• Pesticides
• Integrated Pest Management
• Chewing Insects
– Insects A-D
– Insects E-L
– Insects M-S
– Insects T-Z
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Pests
• Are any life forms competing for resources
• Are plants or animals detrimental to
humans or human concerns
• Are an organism which pose a threat to
other organisms’ health
• Are parasites:
– organism which lives on or inside another
organism
– obtains nutrients from host
– detriment to the host
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Pests
• Can be any of the following:
– insects
– vertebrates
– nematodes
– weeds
– pathogens
• fungal
• bacterial
• viral
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Insects
• Are members of the arthropoda phylum
• Damage lawns, crops and other plants by
feeding off roots, leaves and fruits
• Can spread disease among plants
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Insects
• Are members of the class Insecta
– class characteristics include:
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three pairs of legs
three body segments
two pairs of wings (typically)
one pair of antennae
one pair of eyes
– examples include:
• ants, bees, beetles, butterflies, crickets, fleas,
flies, moths
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Insects
• Are not always considered pests
– insect pollinators are essential to plant growth
and reproduction
– other insects serve as predators and help
control harmful insects
Fun Fact: A predator can be any organism which preys on other organisms.
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Insects
• Can be divided into categories
based on mouthparts:
– chewing insects cause damage
to plants by chewing foliage
• examples include caterpillars,
beetles and grasshoppers
– sucking insects have mouthparts designed to
pierce and suck
• examples include aphids,
leafhoppers and mites
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Insects
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External Structure of Insects
• Consists of the head, thorax and abdomen
– the head includes eyes, antennae and
mouthparts
– the thorax includes legs and wings
– the adult abdomen has no legs or wings
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External Structure of Insects
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External Structure of Insects
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External Structure of Insects
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Complete Metamorphosis
• Consists of four stages:
– egg
• female lays egg
– larva
• worm-shaped
• eating and growing stage
Definition: Metamorphosis is the transformation of an organism from larva
to adult stage.
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Complete Metamorphosis
• Consists of four stages:
– pupa
• develops into adult while in a cocoon
• grows wings and legs
– adult
• breaks out of cocoon
• has identifiable insect features
Definition: Cocoons are silky envelopes spun by the larvae of some insects
to cover itself during metamorphosis.
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Complete Metamorphosis
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Consists of three stages:
– egg
• female lays hundreds of eggs
• eggs are white or yellow
• eggs hatch within 20 days
– nymph
• is the growing stage
• looks similar to adult insects
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Consists of three stages:
– adult
• has developed all identifiable insect features
• adults mate, females lay eggs, and the entire
process repeats
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
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Vertebrate Pests
• Possess a spinal column composed of
segmented bones known as vertebrae
• Includes:
– birds
– deer
– raccoons
– rodents
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Nematodes
• Are very small roundworms
– may be parasitic or beneficial
• Consists of two types:
– ectoparasitic
• live outside plants and move between roots
– endoparasitic
• live inside plant tissues
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Nematodes
• Are important decomposers in soil
• Damage vascular tissue of plants,
preventing nutrient dissemination
• Create wounds, causing susceptibility to
other diseases
• May cause:
– leaves to turn yellow
– plants to wilt
– bare patches of grass
– abundance of weeds
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Weeds
• Compete with desirable plants for
nutrients, water and sunlight
• Have one of three life cycles:
– annual
– perennial
– biennial
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Pesticides
• Reduce, prevent, repel or eliminate pests
• Control pests in landscapes, gardens, field
crops and homes
• Protect plants, animals and humans
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Pesticides
• Are classified by type:
– algaecides
• control algae
– anti-microbial
• control bacteria and
microorganisms
– avicides
• control birds
– fungicides
• kill fungi
– herbicides
• kill weeds
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Pesticides
• Are classified by type:
– insecticides
• kill insects and other athropods
– molluscicides
• kill snails and slugs
– nematacides
• kill nematodes
– repellents
• repel pests including insects and birds
– rodenticides
• control rodents
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Categories of Pesticides
• Include:
– biopesticides
– chemical pesticides
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Biopesticides
• Are derived from animals, plants, bacteria
and minerals
• Are divided into the following categories:
– microbial
– plant-incorporated protectants
– biochemical
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Microbial Biopesticides
• Use a bacterium, fungus lines or
protozoan as an active ingredient
• Control many different pests
• Bacillus thuringiensis
– commonly used microbial pesticide
– kills various species of mosquitoes, fungus
gnats and blackflies
– has no negative effect on non-target
organisms
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Plant-Incorporated Protectants
• Are produced by plants with added genetic
material
– scientists introduce certain genes into plant’s
genetic make-up
– engineered plant produces pesticidal proteins,
controlling pests
• Bacillus thuringiensisis is the
most common
plant-incorporated protectant
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Biochemical Pesticides
• Are natural substances, controlling pests
through non-toxic mechanisms
• Affect a specific pest and do not harm
other organisms
• Are effective in small quantities
• Include:
– insect sex pheromones, which interfere with
mating
– scented traps
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Chemical Pesticides
• Are agents designed to prevent, repel or
eliminate pests
• Can be toxic to the environment if not use
correctly
• Are categorized as:
– organophospate pesticides
• attack the nervous system
• can be highly poisonous
• are usually insecticides
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Chemical Pesticides
• Are categorized as:
– carbamate pesticides
• attack the nervous system
– organochlorine insecticides
• often used in the past
• have been removed from the market due to
health and environmental effects
– pyrethroid pesticides
• least toxic to the environment
• synthetic versions of the natural pesticide
pyrethrin
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Integrated Pest Management
• Is a strategy to control pests
– uses most economical process and presents
least amount of possible hazards to humans
and environment
• Used in agricultural crops, landscapes,
lawns and home gardens
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Integrated Pest Management
• Follows a four step approach:
– setting action thresholds
– monitoring and identifying pests
– pest prevention
– pest control
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Action Thresholds
• Are levels of pest infestation at which pest
prevention and control must be taken
• Examples:
– health hazard to plants
– economic threat
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Monitoring & Identifying Pests
• Provides individuals with knowledge about
insects
– one can identify an insect as either a pest or a
beneficial
• Reduces the chance of using pesticides
when unnecessary
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Pest Prevention
• Utilizes cultural methods such as:
– crop rotation
– planting pest-resistant varieties
• Is cost effective
• Has little or no effect on environment
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Pest Control
• Is based on effectiveness and risk
• Include:
– highly selective chemicals
– targeted spraying
– broadcast spraying
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Techniques of Pest Control
• Biological controls
– pest control which is non-toxic to plants,
humans and wildlife
– use beneficial insects to control pests
• example: introducing ladybugs to control aphid
populations
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Techniques of Pest Control
• Cultural controls
– simple to use and inexpensive
• Include:
– mulching
– crop rotation
– planting time
– irrigation
Definition: Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops on the
same land over a period of several growing seasons; aids in insect control
and preservation of soil quality.
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Techniques of Pest Control
• Mechanical controls
– use physical methods, such as insect and
animal traps, to reduce weeds and control
pests by spreading less seeds
– are less effective and impractical on a large
scale
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Techniques of Pest Control
• Chemical controls
– use biological, natural and synthetic
pesticides to control pests
– can be harmful to environment if not applied
correctly
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Techniques of Pest Control
• Host-plant resistance
– use plant varieties resistant to attack of pests
and diseases
• plant breeders breed plants for certain traits
making the plant resistant
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Techniques of Pest Control
• Regulatory controls
– contain and eliminate pests already
established in limited areas
– prevent introduction of pests from foreign
countries
– restrict entry of any infested goods
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Alfalfa Weevil
• Characteristics:
– brown in color
– dark stripe down middle of back
– distinguishable beak projecting
from head
– approximately one-quarter inch long
– primarily feeds on alfalfa, but can
be found on clover and vetch
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Alfalfa Weevil
• Effects on plants:
– shreds leaves
– complete defoliation can occur
• Prevention methods:
– monitor crops regularly to determine if pests
are present
– cut crops early in bud state to prevent further
damage
– parasitic wasps help control weevils
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Alfalfa Weevil
• Treatment methods:
– pesticides which contain:
• indoxacarb
• malathion
• cyfluthrin
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Army Worm Larva
• Characteristics:
– grow one to two inches long
– series of horizontal stripes on body
– smooth and hairless
– can be shades of green, gray, brown, pink or
black
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Army Worm Larva
• Effects on plants:
– chews leaves of small grains and grasses
– cuts off rice panicles at base
– destroys host plant completely when
population is high
• Prevention methods:
– keep yard manicured through elimination and
control of grassy weeds
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Army Worm Larva
• Treatment methods:
– natural predators, such as beetles
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– becoming highly abundant during
outbreaks
– moving from field-to-field
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Bagworm
• Characteristics:
– young are black, while older are
gray
– have a cone-shaped bag
– males have wings; females do not
– feed on more than100 different
types of plants
– spread by wind
– most go unnoticed until damage becomes
severe
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Bagworm
• Effects on plants:
– cause small brown spots on trees
– strip evergreen trees of needles
– can consume entire leaves
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Bagworm
• Prevention methods:
– hand pick off plants in spring and destroy
– allow predatory insects to control
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Bagworm
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
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carbarly
chlorpyrifos
trichlorfon
diazinon
acephate
malathion
– biopesticides which contain:
• Bacillus thuringiensis
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Bagworm
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Bean Leaf Beetle
• Is a common pest on beans, such as:
– dried beans
– lima beans
– snap beans
– soybeans
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Bean Leaf Beetle
• Characteristics:
– approximately one-quarter inch in length
– yellow or green in color
– four black spots on exoskeleton
• some may lack spots
– black margins on wings
– can be identified by black triangle at top of
exoskeleton
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Bean Leaf Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– feeds on underside of leaves, causing small
holes
– spreads disease from plant-to-plant
– severe cases can cause complete defoliation
of young plants
Definition: Defoliation means loss of leaves.
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Bean Leaf Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– delay planting time
– consider using early-season insecticide
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Bean Leaf Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• permethrin
• carbaryl
• esfenvalerate
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Blister Beetles
• Characteristics:
– cylindrical bodies
– wings which cover narrow body
– soft body and long legged
– between one-half inch to one inch length
– can be black, gray or brown in color
• Effects on plants:
– feeding on foliage, legumes
• Prevention methods:
– keeping a clean lawn
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Blister Beetles
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• Sevin®
• methoxychlor
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Beet Armyworm
• Characteristics:
– one and one-quarter inches long
– very noticeable black spot behind head on
each side of thoracic body segment
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Beet Armyworm
• Characteristics:
– young larvae feed on underside of leaves
– older larvae feed on top of leaves
– feed on numerous agricultural crops and
horticultural plants
– adults are small, gray moths
– olive-green or black with a yellow stripe down
each side
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Beet Armyworm
• Effects on plants:
– skeletonize leaves by eating
interior tissue of leaves, leaving
only leaf veins and margins
• can result in defoliation of entire
host plant
• Prevention methods:
– monitor and inspect crops regularly
– controlled by predators, such as lacewings,
spiders and pirate bugs
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Beet Armyworm
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• methomyl
• indoxocarb
– biopesticides which contain:
• Bacillus thuringiensis
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Boll Weevil
• Is also referred to as the “Snout Beetle”
• Characteristics:
– yellow, gray or brown in color
– turn black as they age
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Boll Weevil
• Characteristics:
– mature boll weevils have a long snout (or bill)
used for digging inside seed pods
– prefer lower buds for feeding and reproducing
– feed on cotton seedlings and bolls in spring
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Boll Weevil
• Effects on plants:
– holes in cotton bolls
– reduce quality and yield of cotton plants
– turns cotton bolls yellow
Fact : Eight percent of the annual U.S. cotton crop is lost to boll weevil
damage.
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Boll Weevil
• Prevention methods:
– control weeds
– promote rapid growth of cotton plants with
adequate fertilizing
– plant crops early
– select varieties resistant to boll weevils
– manage crop residues
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Boll Weevil
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which
contain:
• malathion
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
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Bollworm
• Characteristics:
– approximately three-quarters of an inch in
length
– olive-green, red or brown in color
– have tiny spines covering most of body
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Bollworm
• Effects on plants:
– eat lint, flowers and seeds of cotton plants
– causes damage to cotton bolls and squares
• chews holes in base of bolls
• Prevention methods:
– beneficial predators and pests
– plant varieties resistant to bollworms
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Bollworm
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
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biopesticide
flubendiamide
methamidophos
methomyl
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
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Borer
• Characteristics:
– usually called borers during
larval stage
– certain beetles and moths are
most common types of borers
• Effects on plants:
– tunneling into plants and causing damage
– chewing through bark to find ways out of
plants
– attaching to stressed trees during periods of
drought, disease or injury
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Borer
• Prevention methods:
– promoting healthy tree growth
• Treatments methods:
– limited insecticide use due to location of
borers within host plants
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Cabbage Looper
• Characteristics:
– green with a white stripe on each side
– smooth skin with several bristles on back
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Cabbage Looper
• Characteristics:
– grows to one and one-half inches long
– distinguished by loop in middle of body when
they crawl
– can affect any plant in cabbage family
• mainly cabbage and broccoli
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Cabbage Looper
• Effects on plants:
– chew holes in leaves
• young plants can withstand a great amount of
leaf damage without affecting yield
– rarely cause severe damage
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Cabbage Looper
• Prevention methods:
– plant crops in early spring
– provide protection for crops,
such as a floating row cover
Fun Fact :
Definition: A floating row cover is a material protecting plants, but still allows
them to breathe and absorb moisture and sunlight.
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Cabbage Looper
• Prevention methods:
– monitor plants consistently
– allow beneficial insects to prey on pests, such
as ladybugs
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Cabbage Looper
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
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emamectin benzoate
spinotoram
indoxocarb
spinosad
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Colorado Potato Beetle
• Characteristics:
– thrive on potato plants, though will consume
any
• eats foliage of many other plants
– black spots behind head
– black and yellow stripes on body
– lay eggs underneath leaves
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Colorado Potato Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– affects crop yield
– causes defoliation
– often kills plant
Definition: Crop yield is the measurement of the total amount of crop
harvested; expressed as a ratio of amount planted to amount harvested.
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Colorado Potato Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– plant fast-growing, resistant varieties as early
as possible
– use crop rotation
– use heavy layers of organic mulch around
plants
– inspect plants regularly
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Colorado Potato Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• rotenone
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Corn Borer
• Characteristics:
– brown head
– white body
– small brown spots on body
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Corn Borer
• Effects on plants:
– chews holes in leaves causing leaves to
break
– destroys buds resulting in complete loss of
plant yield
– chews a complete hole in stalk at base
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Corn Borer
• Prevention methods:
– plant resistant varieties
– plant corn early
– monitor field regularly to identify damage
– allow predators, such as ladybugs and
lacewings, to provide control by consuming
eggs
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Corn Borer
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• pinosad
• pyrethrum
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
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Corn Earworm
• Characteristics:
– stripes down back, pale
underside
– three-quarters of an inch long
– moderately hairy
– olive-green, tan or dark reddish-brown in color
• Effects on plants:
– cosmetic damage to crop, causing it to be
unmarketable, meaning it cannot be sold in
stores
– complete destruction of host plant
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Corn Earworm
• Prevention methods:
– early planting requires less treatment
• Treatment methods:
– planting resistant hybrids
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Corn Earworm Larva
• Characteristics:
– light-green to dark-brown in color
– light and dark stripes on the body
– approximately one inch long
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Corn Earworm Larva
• Effects on plants:
– cause severe damage to product
– feed on numerous crops, including:
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clover
corn
cotton
green beans
lettuce
sorghum
soybeans
tomato
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Corn Earworm Larva
• Prevention methods:
– plant resistant varieties
– plant early
– allow predators such as pirate bugs, spotted
lady beetles and big-eyed bugs to consume
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Corn Earworm Larva
• Treatment methods:
– biopesticides which contain:
• Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of
fruit/flower
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Corn Rootworm Larva
• Characteristics:
– long, slender and white
– usually have brown color on
both ends of their bodies
– slightly wrinkled appearances
– one-eighth to one-half inch long
• Effects on plants:
– feed on roots of corn plants
• small larva feed on root hairs
• larger, more mature larva feed on primary
roots
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Corn Rootworm Larva
• Prevention methods:
– crop rotation is best prevention method
– early planting
• Treatment methods:
– apply a soil insecticide at time of planting
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative
parts
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Cricket
• Characteristics:
– dark-brown to black
– three-quarters to one inch in length
– males chirp loudly to attract females
– have powerful hind legs for jumping
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Cricket
• Effects on plants:
– eat seeds and small fruits
– damage stems and leaves
– high numbers of crickets cause chewing
damage to plants
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Cricket
• Prevention methods:
– eliminate areas of high weeds, brush, rocks
and plant debris
– allow natural predators such as birds, turtles
and foxes to reduce population
– reduce artificial lighting near plants and trees
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides such as
Diazinon®
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Cricket
• Life cycle:
– incomplete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
108
Cutworm
• Characteristics:
– stout, smooth, soft bodied,
plump worms
– can be black, brown, pink or
green in color
– can be striped, one colored or
spotted
• Effects on plants:
– destroys more of the plant than they consume
– cut young plants at soil line
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Cutworm
• Prevention methods:
– cultivate and plow frequently to prevent laying
of eggs
• Treatment methods:
– plowing exposes worms to predators by
bringing them to surface
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Cutworm
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Cutworm Larva
• Characteristics:
– usually a dull gray color with stripes down
length of body
– approximately one inch in length
– blends in well with soil
– appears to have smooth skin
112
Cutworm Larva
• Effects on plants:
– chews young plants off at base or near
ground level
113
Cutworm Larva
• Prevention methods:
– remove plant debris from field or
garden after harvest
– allow time for crop residue to
decompose before planting
next crop
– inspect young plants regularly
for plant damage
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Cutworm Larva
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• indoxacarb, as found in
Lorsban®
• chlorpyrifos, as found in
Steward®
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
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Elm Leaf Beetle
• Characteristics:
– yellow, brown or green
– black spots on head and thorax
– one-quarter to one-half inch long
117
Elm Leaf Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– feed on new foliage of elm trees causing
premature defoliation
– eat areas of leaf between veins
– leaves turn red or brown, dry and fall
118
Elm Leaf Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– prune dead or dying branches
– protect tree trunks and roots from injury
– provide proper care and watering
– allow tachinid flies to help control and reduce
populations
119
Elm Leaf Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• azadirachtin, such as AzaMax™ and Azatrol®
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
120
European Corn Borer
• Characteristics:
– small
– tan
– night flyers
– look like moths
• Effects on plants:
– feed on all above-ground corn plants
– not only affects corn crops, but others
including bell peppers
– can cause hundreds of dollars per acre loss
121
European Corn Borer
• Prevention methods:
– area must be scouted first
– location will determine type of prevention
used
• Treatment methods:
– treatments are ineffective without scouting
area first to select proper strategy
Fun Fact : Scouting can also be called monitoring and works best when
data about findings is collected.
122
European Corn Borer
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
123
European Corn Borer Larva
• Characteristics:
– pale-gray to pinkish-brown in color
– dark lines or spots on body
– sheds skin to continue growth
• Effects on plants:
– tunnel into corn plants damaging internal
processes
• Prevention methods:
– biological controls
– row covers
124
European Corn Borer Larva
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• acephate
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction by removal of plant fluids
125
Fall Webworm
• Characteristics:
– grow to one inch long
– yellow or green bodies with black or red
heads
– covered with long white hairs
– yellow patterns on sides
126
Fall Webworm
• Effects on plants:
– skeletonizes leaves of many common trees
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•
•
hickory
mulberry
oak
pecan
– causes defoliation
– covers entire branch with
webs containing
caterpillars
127
Fall Webworm
• Prevention methods:
– monitor trees and remove webs
– allow natural predators to provide control:
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•
•
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birds
flies
stink bugs
wasps
128
Fall Webworm
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• Bacillus thuringiensis
• diazinon
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
129
Flea Beetle
• Characteristics:
– approximately one-quarter of an
inch in length
– hind legs are used for jumping
– colors vary by species
• potato flea beetle and eggplant
beetle are black
• striped flea beetles have yellow and black
stripes on back
• other beetle species are usually brown
130
Flea Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– chews small holes in leaves
– primarily feed on vegetable plants such as:
• corn
• eggplants
• peppers
131
Flea Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– use sticky traps
– plow or till weeds in fall
– protect with row covers
132
Flea Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which
contain:
• pyrethroids
• carbamates
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
133
Grain Weevil
• Characteristics:
– three species:
• rice
• granary
• maize weevils
– all have wings, but not all can fly
– dark-brown, almost black in color
• Effects on plants:
– larva develops in whole kernel grain
– grown weevils emerge out of holes in grain
134
Grain Weevil
• Prevention methods:
– proper sanitation before, during andafter grain
is stored
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
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•
•
•
resmethrin
sumithrin
tetramethrin
permethrin
pyrethins
135
Grain Weevil
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
136
Grasshopper
• Characteristics:
– brown, green or yellow in color
– grows to two inches in length
– powerful back legs for jumping
– lives in grassy areas
– feeds on stems and leaves
137
Grasshopper
• Effects on plants:
– eats foliage
– damages entire crop
138
Grasshopper
• Prevention methods:
– till soil to disturb areas where grasshoppers
lay eggs
– mow tall grasses to reduce food supply
139
Grasshopper
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides such as:
• Capture® 2 EC for corn
• Guthion® 2 L for vegetables
• Leverage™ 2.7 for cotton
• Life cycle:
– incomplete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
140
Green June Beetle
• Characteristics:
– approximately one inch long
– a mixture of green, yellow, orange and brown
colors throughout body
141
Green June Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– adults feed on ripening and decaying fruits
– larvae feed on roots of the following plants:
•
•
•
•
alfalfa
oats
sorghum
turf grass
142
Green June Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– maintain a healthy lawn by limiting weed
growth
– in fall, over-seed damaged areas
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• carbaryl, such as Sevin®
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
143
Green Lacewing
• Characteristics:
– light-green with long slender antennae
– golden eyes and veined wings
• Effects on plants:
– can consume over 200 aphids or other prey in
a week
– beneficial insect
– medically harmless, will
not cause harm to
humans
144
Green Lacewing
• Prevention methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Treatment methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– benefit the economy by destroying pests
145
Honeybee
• Characteristics:
– three types
• queen
• drones
• worker
– brightly colored pattern on back
– hairy legs to help transport pollen
– some have stingers and sting when
threatened
• Effects on plants:
– pollinators
146
Honeybee
• Prevention methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Treatment methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– benefit the economy by
destroying pests
– produce honey
147
Japanese Beetle
• Characteristics:
– metallic-green with brown wings
– patches of white hair along sides of the body
– oval shaped
– one-half inch long
– commonly damage turf grasses, roses,
grapes and beans
• adults feed on fruit, ornamental and vegetable
plants
148
Japanese Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– skeletonizes leaves, leaving only vein and
margins
– chews roots off grass, preventing water and
nutrient uptake
149
Japanese Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– monitor garden and inspect plants regularly
– allow natural predators to control
• crows
• moles
• skunks
150
Japanese Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
•
•
•
•
•
diazinon, found in Diazinon®
carbaryl, found in Sevin®
imidacloprid, found in Merit®
malathion, found in Malathion®
bifenthrin, found in Talstar®
151
Japanese Beetle
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
152
Lady Beetle Larva
• Characteristics:
– elongated body
– slightly pointed rear
– gray or black with spotting
• Effects on plants:
– feed on a variety of pests,
most notably aphids
153
Lady Beetle Larva
• Prevention methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Treatment methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– benefit the economy by
destroying pests
154
Ladybird Beetle
• Characteristics:
– oval in shape
– brightly colored
• yellow, orange or red
– black spots or markings
• Effects on plants:
– feed on a variety of pests, most notably
aphids
155
Ladybird Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Treatment methods:
– none, this is a beneficial insect
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– benefit the economy by destroying pests
156
Leaf Skeletonizer
• Characteristics:
– adults are gray to brown in
color with black spots
– larva are white to yellow in
color with faint stripes
• Effects on plants:
– palms are only recorded hosts
– prefer leaf parts between veins for meals
causing skeletonized look on leaves
157
Leaf Skeletonizer
• Prevention methods:
– early detection and removal of larva is best
• Treatment methods:
– biopesticides which contain:
• Bacillus thuringiensis
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
158
Long-Horned Beetle
• Characteristics:
– medium-sized, ranging from three-quarters to
one and one-half inches in length
– known for extremely long antennae
– black with yellow or white markings
159
Long-Horned Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– injures trunks and branches of trees
– damages flowers
160
Long-Horned Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– regularly inspect plants and
trees
– minimize plant stress
– avoid injuring tree trunks with
lawn mowers and other equipment
– thin and prune trees during summer
– remove all dying or injured plant parts
Definition: Pruning means to cut back or cut out any unwanted plant growth.
161
Long-Horned Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• imidacloprid, such as: Dominion®, Scotts®
GrubEx® or Merit® 75 W
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
162
163
Mexican Bean Beetle
• Characteristics:
– yellow to light brown in color
– adults darken as they age, eventually turning
orange
– eight black spots on each wing
164
Mexican Bean Beetle
• Feeds on plants such as:
– alfalfa
– clover
– lima beans
– snap beans
– soybeans
165
Mexican Bean Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– damages surface of leaves
– skeletonizes leaves, leaving only vein and
margins
166
Mexican Bean Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– delay planting
– plant resistant varieties
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• carbaryl, found in Sevin®
• malathion, found in Malathion®
167
Mexican Bean Beetle
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
168
Pink Bollworm Larva
• Characteristics:
– major cotton pest
– young larvae are tiny, white body
with dark brown head
– pink bands on back
– adults are small gray-brown moths
– larva grows to one-half inch long
Definition: Larvae are immature form of an insect which is often worm-like.
169
Pink Bollworm Larva
• Effects on plants:
– damage cotton squares and bolls by chewing
through lint to feed on seeds
– larvae cut and stain lint, reducing quality and
yield
170
Pink Bollworm Larva
• Prevention methods:
– plant resistant varieties
– irrigate in winter to reduce populations
– eliminate bollworms by reducing green bolls
• achieved by stopping irrigation early in growing
season
171
Pink Bollworm Larva
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• spinosad, found in Entrust®
• indoxacarb, found in Steward®
• chlorpyrifos, found in Lorsban®
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
172
Potato Beetle
• Characteristics:
– commonly black and yellow
striped
– larva are red with black spots
• Effects on plants:
– most damage occurs in home gardens
• mostly on potatoes and potato foliage
• can cause yields to severely
drop
173
Potato Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– crop rotation
• Treatment methods:
– rotate different insecticides
for best options of treatment
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
174
Red Harvester Ant
• Characteristics:
– red to dark brown
– one-quarter to one-half inch long
– square-shaped heads
– primarily feed on seeds
175
Red Harvester Ant
• Effects on plants:
– reduce crop yields by taking plant seeds and
storing them in ant beds
• Prevention methods:
– mow over ant beds
– allow beneficial insects to control
• ground beetles
• parasitic wasps
176
Red Harvester Ant
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides such as Diazinon®
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
177
Salt Marsh Caterpillar/Wooly Worm
• Characteristics:
– wooly worms have black bands on each end
and reddish/brown band in middle
– salt marsh caterpillars are more white in color
with small irregular black dots
178
Salt Marsh Caterpillar/Wooly Worm
• Characteristics:
– folklore says wooly worm stripes can predict
how harsh winter will be:
• a narrow brown band is said to predict a harsh
winter
• a wider brown band is said to predict a more
mild winter
179
Salt Marsh Caterpillar/Wooly Worm
• Effects on plants:
– tend to damage fall planted crops
– larva are defoliators
• Prevention methods:
– plant resistant varieties
• Treatment methods:
– pesticides which contain:
• Bacillus thuringiensis
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
180
Slug
• Characteristics:
– more similar to clams and mussels than other
garden pests
– body contains mostly water, they are
susceptible to drying
– often described as a snail without a shell
– soft body without segmentation
181
Slug
• Effects on plants:
– destructive and difficult to control
– produce slime trails which ruin garden
produce
– small leaves are destroyed while larger leaves
are chewed around edges
• Prevention methods:
– remove habitat
– composting mulch in spring
182
Slug
• Treatment methods:
– molluscicides which contain:
• metaldehyde
• Life cycle:
– incomplete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
183
Snail
• Characteristics:
– brown, white or gray in color
– has an external, spiral shell
– most active at night
184
Snail
• Effects on plants:
– chews holes in many plants and decaying
plant matter
185
Snail
• Prevention methods:
– eliminate daytime hiding places
• boards, rocks, brush
– use drip irrigation to reduce humidity
• snails prefer humid environments
– remove snails by hand
– use traps
186
Snail
• Prevention methods:
– use natural enemies
•
•
•
•
birds
ground beetles
snakes
turtles
187
Snail
• Treatment methods:
– can be achieved by using metaldehyde baits
• Life cycle:
– incomplete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
188
Spotted Cucumber Beetle
• Also known as “Southern
Corn Rootworm Beetle”
• Characteristics:
– grows to one-quarter inch in
length
– yellow or green in color
– black head and antennae
– twelve black spots on wing covers
189
Spotted Cucumber Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– injures corn and sorghum in seedling stage of
development
– stunts plant growth and can kill entire crop
190
Spotted Cucumber Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– cover crops with floating row cover after
planting
• remove when blossoms appear
– plant resistant varieties
– use traps with a sticky adhesive
191
Spotted Cucumber Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• rotenone
• pyrethrum
• sabadilla
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
192
193
Tobacco Hornworm Larva
• Also known as “Tomato Hornworm Larva”
• Characteristics:
– commonly feed on tomato and tobacco plants
– gray with six yellow or orange spots on sides
– when adults, hind wings have alternating light
and dark stripes
194
Tobacco Hornworm Larva
• Effects on plants:
– attacks upper portion of plants and eats
foliage, blossom and fruits
– causes defoliation by consuming leaves
195
Tobacco Hornworm Larva
• Prevention methods:
– physically remove and destroy larva
– practice normal soil tillage
– allow natural predators such as parasitic
wasps to provide control
196
Tobacco Hornworm Larva
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• carbaryl
• permethrin
• spinosad
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of fruit/flower
197
Western Corn Rootworm Beetle
• Characteristics:
– adults are slender and approximately onequarter inch long
– yellow or green with three dark stripes down
back
– feeds on root hairs and small roots
– affects corn, barley and grasses
198
Western Corn Rootworm Beetle
• Effects on plants:
– severe cases can destroy entire root systems
– adults feed on corn leaves, damaging leaves
– prevents pollination
– missing kernels in corn because of reduced
fertilization
199
Western Corn Rootworm Beetle
• Prevention methods:
– rotate crops, causing rootworms to starve to
death
– plant varieties best suited for local
environment
200
Western Corn Rootworm Beetle
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• carbaryl, found in Sevin®
• pyrethroid, found in Bifenthrin®
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
201
White Grub
• Characteristics:
– one-half to one inch long
– red or brown in color
– reside in the soil
– recognized by C-shaped body
• Effects on plants:
– feeds on and damages roots, grasses, weeds
and agricultural crops
– lawns turn yellow and die
202
White Grub
• Prevention methods:
– spray turfgrass with a diluted, liquid,
dishwashing soap to force white grub larvae
out of soil
– predators such as ground beetles, ants, thrips
and scoliidae help control white grubs
– crop rotation
203
White Grub
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• imidacloprid, found in Merit®
• halofenozide, found in MACH2®
– consult with a turfgrass specialist before
applying chemicals to avoid further damage
204
White Grub
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
205
Wireworm
• Characteristics:
– orange, yellow, white or brown
– one-quarter to two and one-half
inches long and very slender
– wireworms develop where grass
is abundant, including crops
– adults are known as
“Click Beetles”
– reside in the soil
206
Wireworm
• Effects on plants:
– feed on seed of plant, causing plants to wilt
and die
– in severe cases, bare spots may appear in
field
– can lead to bacterial and fungal rot infections
– crops cannot be rescued once infested
207
Wireworm
• Prevention methods:
– sample soil before planting to determine if
wire worms are present
– use preventive insecticides during planting if
wireworms have been present in past
208
Wireworm
• Treatment methods:
– insecticides which contain:
• chlorpyrifos, found in Lorsban®
• clothianidin, found in Poncho®
• thiamethoxam, found in Cruiser®
209
Wireworm
• Life cycle:
– complete
• Economic impact:
– destruction of vegetative parts
210
Resources
• Armyworm information sheet. International Rice Research Institute.
Retrieved from
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricedoctor/index.php?option=com
_content&view=article&id=619&Itemid=2799
• (1999). Blister beetle. AgriLIFE Extension. Retrieved from
http://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/bimg167.html
• (2000). Blister beetles. University of Florida. Retrieved from
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/medical/blister_beetles.ht
m
• Cranshaw, W. S., & Leatherman, D. A. (1999). Shade tree borers.
Colorado State University. Retrieved from
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05530.html
• (1999). Chinch bugs fact sheet. University of Rhode Island.
Retrieved from
http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/chinchbug.html
211
Resources
• Cook, K. A., & Weinzierl, R. (2004). Corn earworm. Integrated Pest
Management. Retrieved from
http://ipm.illinois.edu/fieldcrops/insects/corn_earworm/index.html
• Peairs, F. B., & Pilcher, S. D. (2010). Western corn rootworm.
Colorado State University. Retrieved from
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05570.html
• (1999). Cutworms. University of Rhode Island. Retrieved from
http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/cutworms.html
• European corn borer. Iowa State University. Retrieved from
http://www.ent.iastate.edu/pest/cornborer/
• (2011). Weevils on stored grain. The Pennsylvania State University
2011. Retrieved from
http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/weevils-on-stored-grain
212
Resources
• (1999). Green lacewing. AgriLIFE Extension. Retrieved from
http://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/bimg125.html
• Mason, J. Honeybee. Retrieved from
http://www.gpnc.org/honeybee.htm
• Cranshaw, W. S. (2006). Lady beetles. Colorado State University.
Retrieved from http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05594.html
• (2010). Screening aid to pests. Retrieved from
http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/palms/sap/Palm_Leaf_Skeletonizer.htm
• Bessin, R. (2004). Colorado potato beetle management. The
University of Kentucky. Retrieved from
http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef312.asp
• Capinera, J. L. (2001). Saltmarsh caterpillar. University of Florida.
Retrieved from
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/saltmarsh_caterpillar.ht
m
213
Resources
• Cranshaw, W. S. (2008). Slugs. Colorado State University. Retrieved
from http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/INSECT/05515.html
• (2011). Stink bugs guide. Retrieved from http://stinkbugsguide.net/
• Beauzay, P. (2008). Corn rootworm management. NDSU Extension
Entomology. Retrieved from
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/archive/entomology/ndsucpr/Years/2008/au
gust/7/ent.htm
• Hamon, A. B. (1998). Armored scale insects as pests of bromeliads.
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
Retrieved from
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/frank/bromeliadbiota/scale.htm
• Scale insects. University of Florida. Retrieved from
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/fasulo/woodypest/scales.htm
214
Resources
• Boone, M. Archived photos of living moths. Mississippi State
University. Retrieved from
http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/fast.php?plate=01&pag
e=12&size=s&sort=h
• Roos, D. (2006). Tarnished plant bug. North Carolina Cooperative
Extension. Retrieved from
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/tarnishbug.html
• (2008). Cotton bollworm. UC Pest Management Guidelines.
Retrieved from http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r114300511.html
• (1998). A field guide to common texas insects. College Station:
Texas AgriLIFE Extension. Retrieved from
http://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/
• (2010). Viral diseases. PAN Germany. Retrieved from
http://www.oisat.org/pests/diseases/viral.html
215
Resources
• Integrated pest management. Prosser: Washington State University
Extension. Retrieved from http://ipm.wsu.edu/
• (1993). Leafminers on ornamental plants. University of Florida.
Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg006
• Entomology & plant pathology. Stillwater: Oklahoma State
University. Retrieved from http://entoplp.okstate.edu/ddd/
• Eaglin, A. Animal and plant health inspection service. USDA.
Retrieved from http://images.aphis.usda.gov/
• (2010). Animal and plant health inspection service. USDA. Retrieved
from http://www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/
• (2010). News and events. USDA. Retrieved from
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
• Capinera, J. L. (2001). Saltmarsh caterpillar. University of Florida.
Retrieved from http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/
creatures/veg/leaf/saltmarsh_caterpillar.htm
216
Acknowledgements
Production Coordinators
Kelly Harkey
Baron Bartels
Layton Norwood
Assistant Brand Manager
Olivia Mitchell
Graphic Designer
Melody Rowell
Production Manager
Maggie Bigham
V.P. of Brand Management
Clayton Franklin
© MMXIII
CEV Multimedia, Ltd.
Executive Producer
Gordon W. Davis, Ph.D.
217