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Integrated Global Carbon Observations Beverly Law Prof. Global Change Forest Science Science Chair, AmeriFlux Network Oregon State University CO2 emissions (PgC y-1) Total Anthropogenic Emissions 2008 Total Anthropogenic CO 2 Emissions (2008) 10 8.7 8 Fossil fuel 6 9.9 PgC 4 Land use change 2 1960 1970 1980 1990 1.2 2000 Van der Werf et al. Nature-GeoSci, Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-Geosci; Data: CDIAC, FAO, Woods Hole Research Center 2009 2010Deforestation and forest degradation ~12% of total anthropogenic emissions GEO Integrated Global Carbon Observations – Provide long‐term observations required to improve the understanding of the current state and future behavior of the global carbon cycle – Monitor and assess the effectiveness of carbon sequestration and/or emission reduction activities on global atmospheric CO2 levels Observations need to be integrated across time and space scales CO2 Atmospheric in situ Observation Network Remote sensing GHG concentrations •Combine with high precision in situ observations to increase coverage •GOSAT (JAXA) ‐ revolution in observing carbon from space •Sciamachy, IASI, AIRS (current) •Future: OCO2, GOSAT2, ASCENDS •Significant work required to understand biases and errors •Needs: High precision, geographic mapping , small footprint, ability to sense CO2 near the earth’s surface GOSAT CO2 retrieval Sciamachy CO2 retrieval c.f. Carbon Tracker FLUXNET: A Global Network of Observation Sites 500+ Sites, 10 Regional Networks, 45 Countries Quantify and understand causes of variation in terrestrial exchange of carbon, water and energy with atmosphere www.fluxdata.org FLUXNET: Global Terrestrial Flux Observations • • • • Carbon/water/energy fluxes Meteorology, soil and plant variables Multiple biomes and disturbances in a broad range of climate Standardized database, shared protocols (Law et al. FAO 2008) Moderate Resolution Remote Sensing Deforestation (Huang et al. 2009) MODIS ‘Active Fire’ Observations Integration for Regional Mapping of Terrestrial Carbon Terrestrial Carbon Modeling SINKS SOURCES Biosphere CO2 Flux Observations Understanding of terrestrial carbon processes Inventories Carbon Stocks Spatial data: Land-use, land cover, meteorology Maps of Terrestrial Carbon Stocks and Fluxes (Law et al. 2006) Georeferenced Georeferenced emissions emissions inventories inventories Atmospheric Atmospheric measurements measurements Atmospheric Atmospheric Transport Transport model model Climate and weather fields Ocean time series Biogeochemical pCO2 Remote Remote sensing sensing Atmospheric Atmospheric CO CO22 Ocean Ocean carbon carbon model model Coastal studies Surface observation optimized Fluxes Terrestrial Terrestrial carbon rivers carbon model model Lateral fluxes pCO2 nutrients Water column inventories Ocean Ocean remote remote sensing sensing Ocean Ocean color color Altimetry Altimetry Winds Winds SST SST SSS SSS Remote Remote sensing sensing of of Vegetation Vegetation properties properties Growth Growth Land Land cover cover /use /use Fires Fires Biomass Biomass Radiation Radiation Data assimilation optimized model parameters Eddy-covariance flux towers Biomass soil carbon inventories Ecological Ecological studies studies North American Carbon Program (NACP) Integration of Observations observing networks experiments model/data fusion diagnostic models maps of variable fluxes and stocks predictive models decision support – Diagnosis, attribution, and prediction to understand status and trends in sources and sinks of carbon on land in adjacent ocean regions – Decision support for policy, management Integrated Global Carbon Observations: Essential Elements (GEO Carbon Report) • Terrestrial ecosystem flux observations (CO2, water vapor, heat fluxes) • Ocean and atmosphere in situ measurements • Inventories and accounting systems • Global satellite data • Models to integrate these observations for spatial maps of carbon stocks and fluxes • Develop an operational system for policy relevant carbon information Summary • Global carbon community very active and some aspects well‐ integrated – NACP, ICOS, FLUXNET, … • Other aspects need more work (forest and soil inventories) • Open databases – strong need for coordination to fill gaps, avoid duplication • Plans to create Carbon Community of Practice based on IGCO science team & an online information portal (subject to securing funding)
