Download File - Warren Aquatics

1.3 MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY
During WWII, modern oceanography began with Cousteau’s
invention of SCUBA. It and many other devices invented by
Cousteau opened the ocean to millions.
Jacques Cousteau was the director of the Monaco Museum of
Oceanography for 30 years until his death in 1997.
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The Calypso is the research vessel
(R/V) of the Cousteau Society and
is joined by Alcyone, a turbo-sail
invented by Cousteau.
The twin 33 ft. towers boost wind speed, save fuel and it
completed a 10-year voyage around the world (1985-1995).
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1950 - International Geophysical Year (IGY) studied the Indian Ocean.
1960 – The bathyscaphe, Trieste,
made a record dive of 36,000 ft.
near the Marianas Islands in the
Pacific. She carried two men,
Jacques Piccard and Lt. Donald
Walsh, who took nearly 5 hours to
reach the Challenger Deep.
NOAA
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FLIP was built by the Navy in 1962 to refine acoustic targeting for
submarine rockets and is operated by Scripps Institution of
Oceanography in San Diego.
FLIP is a 335 ft. vessel
that is towed to a site
and when the stern
ballast tanks are
flooded it converts into
a 55 ft. stable platform
for many types of
research.
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In 1963, Thresher, a nuclear submarine, lost its entire crew off
the coast of Maine at 1-2 miles down. High pressure seawater
line failed, uncontrolled flooding. Black boxes were developed
after that to record final audio and instrument readings.
USS Thresher SSN- U593
The DSV Alvin was developed a year after the Thresher accident in
response to this second submarine tragedy. In 1927, 42 men had
died in 100 ft. of water in the S-4 near Cape Cod because no
rescue equipment was available.
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Woods
Hole
In 1964 the Navy built the
first Deep Submergence
Vehicle called Alvin.
It is operated by Wood
Hole Oceanographic
Institute for research and
rescue.
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NOAA
Alvin is deployed from the R/V Atlantis. It
can transport a crew of 3 people to 21,000 ft.
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In 1966, a U.S. Air Force B-52G bomber collided with its refueling
tanker over Spain, destroying both planes.
Four unarmed
H-bombs fell
out of the
wreckage;
3 fell on land,
one fell into
the ocean.
It took Alvin 80 days to find it.
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In 1966, Congress established the
National Sea Grant College Program.
University National Oceanographic Laboratory System
(UNOLS) coordinates oceanographic vessels and research.
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In the 1970s, Project FAMOUS (French American Mid-Ocean
Undersea Study) explored the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
spreading center.
1977 Hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis are first seen
using Alvin.
NOAA
1978 SEASAT was the
first satellite launched
for remote sensing of
the ocean’s surface.
1985 - R.M.S. Titanic is
found by Dr. Robert
Ballard.
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Dr. Sylvia Earle led the first team
of women aquanauts during the
in 1970’s Tektite Project. She
still holds the record for solo
diving to a depth of 1,000
meters (3,300 feet).
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1987 - Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling
(JOIDES) drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and
went 1000 ft. into ocean floor sediments.
1990’s - Global Positioning Satellites
were opened for public access.
NASA
2000 – a 10 year project called
Census of Marine Life will seek to
identify marine life and preserve
species.
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