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61VA
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Table of Contents
Standards of
Learning
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Letter to the Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Virginia Standards of Learning Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Pretest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 1
Investigation Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Lesson 1
The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1h
Lesson 2
Classification Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.1a
Lesson 3
Estimating Length, Mass, and Volume . . . 41
5.1b
Lesson 4
Making Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.1c, 5.1d
Lesson 5
Variables in Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1g
Lesson 6
Collecting and Organizing Data . . . . . . . . 58
5.1e, 5.1f
Chapter 1 SOL Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 2
Structure and States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Lesson 7
Atoms, Elements, Molecules, and
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.4a
Lesson 8
Mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4b
Lesson 9
States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4c
Chapter 2 SOL Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 3
Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Lesson 10
Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.5a
Lesson 11
Biological Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.5b
Lesson 12
Plants and Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.5c, 5.5d
Chapter 3 SOL Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 4
Earth’s Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Lesson 13
The Ocean Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.6a
Lesson 14
Ocean Depths, Salinity, and Currents . . 114
5.6b
Lesson 15
Marine Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.6c
Chapter 4 SOL Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
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Chapter 5
The Changing Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Lesson 16
The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.7a
Lesson 17
Fossils and Earth’s History . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.7b
Lesson 18
Earth’s Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.7c
Lesson 19
Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.7d
Lesson 20
Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.7e
Lesson 21
Controlling Weathering and Erosion . . . . 155
5.7f
Chapter 5 SOL Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chapter 6
Sound and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Lesson 22
Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.2a
Lesson 23
More About Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.2b
Lesson 24
Uses and Applications of
Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.2c
Lesson 25
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.3a
Lesson 26
How Light Interacts with Matter . . . . . . . 182
5.3b, 5.3c, 5.3d
Lesson 27
The History of Investigating Light. . . . . . 187
5.3e
Chapter 6 SOL Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Posttest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
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15
Marine Ecosystems
5.6c
Getting the Idea
Key Words
plankton
nekton
benthos
Many of Earth’s organisms make their homes
in oceans. The conditions within each ocean
vary greatly. An ocean can be divided into several
ecosystems based on such conditions as temperature
and light. Ecosystems along the shore are very different
than those far offshore. Ecosystems in the sunlit surface
waters are also very different than those in the cold, dark
depths of the ocean. Scientists who study oceans, called
oceanographers, divide the ocean into zones based on
these differences. They study the types of organisms that
live in each zone.
Marine Life
Organisms that live in the ocean are commonly known as
marine life. These can be divided into three main groups:
plankton, nekton, and benthos.
Plankton are organisms that float on or near the surface
of the ocean. Some plankton are like plants because
they can make their own food. These plankton are known
as phytoplankton. Other plankton are more like animals
and are called zooplankton. Most plankton are so small
they can be seen only with a microscope. Nekton are
organisms that can swim freely. Whales, dolphins, and
many fish are examples of nekton. Benthos are organisms
that live on or near the ocean floor. These organisms live in
mud or sand. Crabs, sea stars, coral, sponges, and clams
are examples of benthos.
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Lesson 15: Marine Ecosystems
The diagram below shows parts of the ocean in which
you might find each type of marine life. You can see that
plankton are near the surface. Benthos are near the ocean
floor. Nekton are everywhere in between.
Plankton
to
nk
Pla
Nekton
Benthos
Continental shelf
Nekton
n
Benthos
Continental slope
Nekton
Deep sea
Nekton
Trench Benthos
Abyssal plain
Benthos
Intertidal Zone
Where you find each type of marine life depends on the
characteristics of the ecosystem. Oceanographers divide
the ocean into zones. One of the first zones you find as
you head toward the ocean is the intertidal zone. If you
noticed the base word tidal in the name of this zone, you
found a clue about what this zone is. The intertidal zone
exists between the high- and low-tide lines.
Benthos organisms live in the intertidal zone. This is a
difficult ecosystem for most organisms because the water
moves a great deal in this region. Many animals attach
themselves to the ocean floor or burrow in the sand to
keep from being washed out to sea. In addition, organisms
in the intertidal zone are sometimes under water and at
other times exposed to air.
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The intertidal zone is further divided into four zones. You
can see these zones and some of the organisms you might
find in each zone in the drawing below.
Intertidal Zone Organisms
Sea anemone
Sculpin
Tidepool
Crab
Sea star
Hermit crab
Mussels
Periwinkle snail
Spray zone
(usually dry)
High tide zone
(wet during high tide)
Middle tide zone
(wet and dry)
Low tide zone
(usually wet)
Neritic Zone
You can see in the diagram on the next page that the
neritic zone describes water above the continental shelf.
Seawater in this region extends to a depth of about 100 to
200 meters. Because the water is not too deep, sunlight
can penetrate into this water. As a result, photosynthesis
can occur. Most photosynthesis is conducted by
phytoplankton. They provide enough food to support most
of the ocean’s nekton. In fact, fisheries that provide food
around the world are found in this zone.
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Lesson 15: Marine Ecosystems
Intertidal
zone
Neritic
zone
Oceanic
zone
Continental
shelf
Deep-sea zone
Open-Sea Zone
The open-sea zone, or the oceanic zone, consists of water
beyond the continental shelf. This zone is tremendous. It
includes all of the world’s ocean except for the areas near
the coast and along the ocean floor. Even though it is so
large, only a small percentage of Earth’s marine species
live in this zone.
The open-sea zone is further divided into layers according
to depth. The first layer goes down to about 200 meters.
Sunlight can reach into this water, so photosynthesis
can occur. Animals such as tuna and sharks live in this
layer. The next layer reaches from about 200 meters to
1,000 meters deep. It receives a little light but not enough
for photosynthesis to occur. The following layer extends
from 1,000 meters to 4,000 meters deep. Not many types
of organisms can survive in this layer. The lowest layer
extends down to the deep-sea zone.
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Deep-Sea Zone
The deep-sea zone, or the abyssal zone, is the layer of
ocean near the bottom. This zone is completely dark
because sunlight cannot reach down to this depth. The
temperature of the water in this zone is very cold. The
water can be as cold as –3°C. Animals that live in this
zone include benthos such as tubeworms, anglerfish, and
some types of clams. They depend on living matter that
sinks down from the upper parts of the ocean.
Animals in this zone have adaptations to help them
survive. Some have dark colors or thin bodies to help them
blend into the darkness. Others, such as the fish below,
have large eyes to help them see. Some organisms can
use special organs in their bodies to make their own light.
Marine Food Chain
Just as on land, marine organisms need energy to
survive. Some organisms, such as phytoplankton, can
use the energy of sunlight to make their own food. Other
organisms must eat to get energy. An organism that can
make food its own food is called a producer. An organism
that needs to eat other organisms is called a consumer.
Energy passes from producers to consumers in a food
chain. Once an organism dies, it is broken down by an
organism known as a decomposer.
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Lesson 15: Marine Ecosystems
The picture shows an example of a marine food chain. The
phytoplankton are the producers. Krill and blue whales are
consumers. The fish and animals at the end of the chain
are decomposers.
Surface
ocean
algae
Krill or
small shrimp
Blue whale
Meat-eating
fish and
bottom-dwelling
animals
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Plankton are microscopic. Even so, huge whales depend on
them to survive. How can this be true?
LESSON REVIEW
1.
A swordfish is an example of a(n)—
A.
nekton
B.
benthos
C. phytoplankton
D. zooplankton
2.
Which type of organism lives in the deep-sea zone along
the ocean floor?
A.
plankton
B.
producers
C. nekton
D. benthos
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3.
Which of these organisms would you NOT expect to find
in the intertidal zone?
A.
mussel
B.
hermit crab
C. dolphin
D. sea star
4.
In which zone would you expect to find a fisherman
catching fish?
A.
intertidal
B.
deep sea
C. neritic
D. open sea
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