Download Minerals in the body

Minerals in the body
Amani Alghamdi
Slide 1
The Minerals
• Small, naturally occurring, inorganic
inorganic,
chemical elements
• Serve as structural components
Minerals classification
The minerals present in the body are classified
into:
Major elements (Macronutrients)
Trace elements
Essential trace elements
Non-essential trace elements
Slide 3
Major vs. Trace
Major minerals
LARGer Quantities (>5g)
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Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur
Trace Minerals
SMALLer Quantities (<5g)
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Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Iodine
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Mineral Functions
1. Bone Health
2. Blood Health
3. Fluid Balance
4. Energy Metabolism
5. Antioxidant
Minerals for: Bone Health
Major minerals
LARGEr Quantities
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur
Trace Minerals
SMALLer Quantities
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Iodine
Chromium
Minerals for: Blood
Health
Trace Minerals
Major minerals
SMALLer Quantities
LARGEr Quantities
Iodine
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphorous
Sulfur
IRON
ZINC
COPPER
Fluoride
Selenium
Chromium
Molybdenum
Manganese
Minerals for: Fluid Balance
Major minerals
Trace Minerals
LARGEr Quantities
SMALLer Quantities
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Chromium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur
Minerals for: Energy Metabolism
Major minerals
Trace Minerals
LARGEr Quantities
SMALLer Quantities
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Sulfur
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.figgrp.1942
Iodine
Chromium
Antioxidant - Selenium
• Works with Vitamin E
Calcium
Distribution:
Most abundant mineral in body – 2% of body weight
Provides structure to bones and teeth
Calcium exists in two forms that have quite
different functions.
1. 99% of total body calcium is present in the bone and
teeth as crystals called hydroxyapatite.
2. 1% of total body calcium is present in body fluid as an
ionized form and it has an important part for the
physiologic activity.
Slide 11
Functions of Calcium
I. Calcification of bones and teeth.
II. Blood clotting as activator of thrombokinase.
III. It is important for maintenance of the heart
beat.
IV. Regulate the transport of ions across cell
membranes and it is particularly important in
nerve transmission and muscle contraction.
V. It is cofactor for several enzymes.
Slide 12
Calcium balance
• The skeleton serves as a bank from which the
blood can borrow and return Ca²⁺ as needed.
• Withdrawal and deposition of Ca²⁺⁺ are
regulated by hormones sensitive to blood
level of Ca²⁺.
⁺ These hormones are:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin: ( Calcium lowering hormone)
Slide 13
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
• A decrease in the calcium concentration in the
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blood stimulates the release of PTH from
parathyroid gland.
PTH: increase serum Ca²⁺⁺ and decrease serum
phosphorus:
It increase urinary excretion of phosphorous and
decrease urinary excretion of calcium.
Stimulates release of calcium from bone.
Increase the synthesis of 1.25 dihydroxy
cholecalciferol form of vitamin
D which
increases absorption of calcium from the
intestine.
Slide 14
Calcitonin ( Calcium lowering
hormone)
• A rise in the calcium concentration in the blood,
stimulates the secretion of the calcitonin by the
thyroid gland.
• Calcitonin: decrease serum Ca²⁺⁺ level (opposite PTH)
by:
Decrease withdrawal of Ca²⁺ from bone
(dissolution of bone).
Increase Ca²⁺ excretion by the kidney.
Inhibit synthesis of 1.25 dihydroxy
cholecalciferol
Slide 15
Calcium
recommendations
• Calcium recommendations during adolescence
are set high (1300 mg/day) to ensure that the
skeleton will be strong and dense.
• Between the ages of 19-50, recommendations
are lowered to 1000 mg/day.
• Over 50, the recommendations are raised again
to 1800 mg/day to minimized bone loss.
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Slide 16
Dietary Calcium Sources
• Dairy: milk, cheese, yogurt
• Broccoli, dark green vegetables
• Orange juice with calcium
• Salmon, sardines
with the bones
Dietary Calcium Sources
• Milk and milk products typically contain more calcium
than other food sources
• Milk also contains vitamin D and lactose which can
enhance calcium absorption
Dietary Calcium Sources
Not Only Milk
Other dairy options:
Low-fat cheese in a sandwich
Yogurt dips with vegetables
Low-fat shredded cheese on soups and salads
Cottage cheese
Abnormal level of Ca²⁺
Ca²⁺
• May be due to disease of:
parathyroid,
kidney
disturbed vitamin D level.
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Slide 20
Ca and osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a silent thief. It leads to
progressive loss of bone mass that occurs in
the elderly of both sexes but is pronounced in
postmenopausal women (mostly women 45
years or more).
It is characterized by
frequent bone fractures,
which are the major
disability among the elderly.
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Slide 21
Bone Mass and Age
Bone mass:
• Decreases with age
• Peaks around 30
Ca and osteoporosis
• Patient
life-style
metabolism,
may
influence
calcium
immobilized or sedentary individual tends to show
bone loss,
while patient that exercise regularly tend to
increase their bone mass.
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Slide 23
Ca and osteoporosis
• Although estrogen replacement is the most
effective prevention of postmenopausal bone
loss, calcium supplementation (often given in
combination with vitamin D). Further reduces
the risk of fracture due to bone loss,
particularly in elderly patients
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Slide 24
Rickets
• Rickets is a disorder caused by a
lack of vitamin D, calcium, or
phosphate.
• It leads to softening and
weakening of the bones.
• There is low serum and urinary
calcium and phosphorus level.
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Slide 25
Phosphorous
Distribution:
Second most abundant mineral in the body
Critical role in bone formation
Gives bones and teeth strength and rigidity
Slide 26
Functions of
phosphorous:
• Enters in formation in bones and teeth.
• Formation of high energy compounds as ATP.
• Enters in the structure of nucleotides and nucleic
acids (genetic material).
• It is important for the biosynthesis of phospholipids
present in cell membrane.
• It is in carbohydrate metabolism as hexose ester (glc6-P and Fr-6-P).
• It is acts as buffer to maintain the acid-base balance
of cellular fluid.
• Enter the formation of coenzymes as NADP.
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Slide 27
Sources of phosphorous
Milk and milk products
Proteins as meat and fish products.
Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.
Slide 28