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Organic mineral forms can greatly enhance the absorption of an element through their structural integrity. Minerals chelated to organic molecules interact less with each other in the digestive tract and have also been shown to be less sensitive to the inhibitory action of other compounds because of their reduced solubility in water. Amino acid chelates of cobalt, manganese and zinc are more available than their inorganic forms, while the organic chelate zinc methionine has been estimated to be three times more potent than the inorganic sulphate. cent vegetable and 30 per cent marine raw materials. It is clear that there is a trend towards decreasing marine raw materials and a shift towards increasing the complexity of feed formulation with more functional ingredients and additives. These functional ingredients and additives are being utilised to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the species being cultured, promoting good health, growth and performance through balanced nutrition. Salmon producers are acutely aware of the environmental and social challenges that the aquaculture industry faces. The responsible sourcing of marine and vegetable raw materials for salmon feed is an increasingly important factor in production and a vital component of a sustainable industry. The simultaneous replacement of fish meal with plant protein sources and the reduction of fish oil through vegetable oil substitution impacts the fatty acid composition of the filleted product. This results in high levels of C18 PUFAs and reduced levels of the omega-3 PUFA’s docosahexanoinc acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Over the past 12 years, changes in diet formulation have seen the content of fish feed change from 70 per cent marine raw materials to 70 per This is of concern to producers and consumers as salmon is an excellent source of high-quality protein. Salmon is also a rich source of health en- A comprehensive range of Boosting Omega-3 Uptake with Organic Minerals aquaculture books that provide a wealth of knowledge about aquaculture ma management. Organic forms of trace mineral have been demonstrated to have higher bioavailability and tissue storage when compared to their inorganic counterparts. This is of primary importance when it comes to their nutritional performance in aquaculture feeds. Organic trace minerals increase bioavailability while promoting performance, reducing mineral loading in diets and decreasing waste discharge. +44(0) 114 2409930 38 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016 [email protected] 39 Organic mineral forms can greatly enhance the absorption of an element through their structural integrity. Minerals chelated to organic molecules interact less with each other in the digestive tract and have also been shown to be less sensitive to the inhibitory action of other compounds because of their reduced solubility in water. Amino acid chelates of cobalt, manganese and zinc are more available than their inorganic forms, while the organic chelate zinc methionine has been estimated to be three times more potent than the inorganic sulphate. cent vegetable and 30 per cent marine raw materials. It is clear that there is a trend towards decreasing marine raw materials and a shift towards increasing the complexity of feed formulation with more functional ingredients and additives. These functional ingredients and additives are being utilised to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the species being cultured, promoting good health, growth and performance through balanced nutrition. Salmon producers are acutely aware of the environmental and social challenges that the aquaculture industry faces. The responsible sourcing of marine and vegetable raw materials for salmon feed is an increasingly important factor in production and a vital component of a sustainable industry. The simultaneous replacement of fish meal with plant protein sources and the reduction of fish oil through vegetable oil substitution impacts the fatty acid composition of the filleted product. This results in high levels of C18 PUFAs and reduced levels of the omega-3 PUFA’s docosahexanoinc acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Over the past 12 years, changes in diet formulation have seen the content of fish feed change from 70 per cent marine raw materials to 70 per This is of concern to producers and consumers as salmon is an excellent source of high-quality protein. Salmon is also a rich source of health en- A comprehensive range of Boosting Omega-3 Uptake with Organic Minerals aquaculture books that provide a wealth of knowledge about aquaculture ma management. Organic forms of trace mineral have been demonstrated to have higher bioavailability and tissue storage when compared to their inorganic counterparts. This is of primary importance when it comes to their nutritional performance in aquaculture feeds. Organic trace minerals increase bioavailability while promoting performance, reducing mineral loading in diets and decreasing waste discharge. +44(0) 114 2409930 38 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016 [email protected] 39 Table 1. Growth Performance and Fatty Acid Fillet Composition MFM_2.5_AA MFM_5_AA LFM_5_AA LFM_5_AA_BP Dietary FM level (%) 15 15 15 10 10 Dietary AA level (%) 0 2.5 5 5 5 Final Weight (g) 1074±39 1053±35 1076±26 1054±37 1061±32 Total Feed Intake (Kg) 16.8±0.9 16.3±1.3 17.2±0.8 15.9±1.2 16.3±1.0 FCR 0.72±0.00 0.72±0.02 0.73±0.04 0.69±0.02 0.71±0.01 PER 3.14±0.01 3.13±0.09 3.10±0.15 3.23±0.09 3.25±0.02 Sum PUFA Fatty Acids (% in 100g fillet) 3.27±0.40 3.31±0.90 3.44±1.24 3.02±0.15 3.50±1.33 Fillet DHA (% in 100g fillet) 0.68±0.15 0.72±0.36 0.74±0.20 0.67±0.15 0.76±0.38 ab ab a b Table 1 shows the growth performance and fatty acid fillet composition. hancing long chain omega-3 essential fatty acids, which are good for the heart, brain, eyesight and many other conditions. and fillet quality, an organic mineral premix was added to one of the experimental diets to study the effects of these on fillet quality. In order to maintain the health benefits of salmon the Norwegian Seafood Federation (FHL) announced that the minimum levels of EPA+DHA present in diets for salmonids should be no lower than four per cent of the total dietary oils. The diet formulations are shown below and are balanced to contain 4.85 per cent EPA+DHA (per cent in dietary oil). Recent studies have shown that it is possible to replace fish oil in salmon feed using an algal meal (Alltech Inc.), rich in the marine omega-3 fatty acid DHA and obtain high n-3 fillet levels with improved DHA, EPA and total n-3 ADC, while maintaining good fillet technical quality and without affecting the growth or having any negative effect on fish health. Diet 1 MFM_0_AA - Medium fish meal diet (15 per cent fish meal) However, data from a European research project has demonstrated that low fish meal (15 per cent) diets containing higher than commonly used levels of minerals show similar growth with fish fed a control diet with high fish meal (40 per cent) inclusion. Diet 4 LFM_5_AA - Low fish meal diet (10% fish meal) + 5.0 per cent algae Within the framework of the Alltech-Nofima Strategic Research Alliance, a study on the effect of fish oil replacement by algae on salmon performance Five dietary treatments were prepared: Diet 2 MFM_2.5_AA - Medium fish meal diet + 2.5 per cent algae Diet 3 MFM_5_AA - Medium fish meal diet + 5.0 per cent algae Diet 5 LFM_0_AA_BP - Low fish meal diet (10% fish meal) + 5.0 per cent algae with organic minerals All test diets were formulated to contain equal amounts of crude protein, crude lipid, digestible energy, total saturated fatty acids, EPA+DHA and n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio using different oil and plant 40 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016 45 14 40 35 12 Dietary level of FM and AA % ab 16 30 10 25 8 20 6 Gaping % MFM_0_AA 15 4 10 2 5 0 0 MFM_0_AA MFM_2.5_AA Dietary FM Level (%) MFM_5_AA LFM_5_AA Dietary AA Level (%) LFM_5_AA_BP Gaping (%) Figure 1: Fish fillet gaping (%) in the different dietary treatments protein mixes. The algae used in this study was SP1 (Alltech) and the organic mineral mix was prepared using Bioplex® minerals supplied by Alltech. The salmon growth rates were high and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) low and similar in all the dietary treatments. The highest fillet levels of DHA were found in the fish in the lowest fish meal inclusion rate fed the organic minerals (LFM_0_AA_ BP). The Bioplex mineral supplementation in low fish meal diets resulted in lipid levels similar to that of the medium fish meal diets. No differences in fillet quality were measured across the five dietary treatments when drip loss, lightness, SalmoFan Cscore or firmness were measured. However, the gaping percentage was nearly eradicated by the supplementation of the Bioplex minerals (Figure 1) indicating that Bioplex minerals play a positive role in fillet quality. Bioplex minerals are more available than inorganic minerals and may protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet from oxidative stress and promoting higher PUFA incorporation levels in the fillet tissue of fish. There is still much to learn about the role of micronutrients as co-enzymes for key LCC-PUFA biosynthesis. Their influence on gene regulatory elements and their interaction with fatty acid oxidation may play a significant role in future sustainable feed formulations. For more information on the use on organic trace minerals in fish feed formulation, please email [email protected]. 41 Table 1. Growth Performance and Fatty Acid Fillet Composition MFM_2.5_AA MFM_5_AA LFM_5_AA LFM_5_AA_BP Dietary FM level (%) 15 15 15 10 10 Dietary AA level (%) 0 2.5 5 5 5 Final Weight (g) 1074±39 1053±35 1076±26 1054±37 1061±32 Total Feed Intake (Kg) 16.8±0.9 16.3±1.3 17.2±0.8 15.9±1.2 16.3±1.0 FCR 0.72±0.00 0.72±0.02 0.73±0.04 0.69±0.02 0.71±0.01 PER 3.14±0.01 3.13±0.09 3.10±0.15 3.23±0.09 3.25±0.02 Sum PUFA Fatty Acids (% in 100g fillet) 3.27±0.40 3.31±0.90 3.44±1.24 3.02±0.15 3.50±1.33 Fillet DHA (% in 100g fillet) 0.68±0.15 0.72±0.36 0.74±0.20 0.67±0.15 0.76±0.38 ab ab a b Table 1 shows the growth performance and fatty acid fillet composition. hancing long chain omega-3 essential fatty acids, which are good for the heart, brain, eyesight and many other conditions. and fillet quality, an organic mineral premix was added to one of the experimental diets to study the effects of these on fillet quality. In order to maintain the health benefits of salmon the Norwegian Seafood Federation (FHL) announced that the minimum levels of EPA+DHA present in diets for salmonids should be no lower than four per cent of the total dietary oils. The diet formulations are shown below and are balanced to contain 4.85 per cent EPA+DHA (per cent in dietary oil). Recent studies have shown that it is possible to replace fish oil in salmon feed using an algal meal (Alltech Inc.), rich in the marine omega-3 fatty acid DHA and obtain high n-3 fillet levels with improved DHA, EPA and total n-3 ADC, while maintaining good fillet technical quality and without affecting the growth or having any negative effect on fish health. Diet 1 MFM_0_AA - Medium fish meal diet (15 per cent fish meal) However, data from a European research project has demonstrated that low fish meal (15 per cent) diets containing higher than commonly used levels of minerals show similar growth with fish fed a control diet with high fish meal (40 per cent) inclusion. Diet 4 LFM_5_AA - Low fish meal diet (10% fish meal) + 5.0 per cent algae Within the framework of the Alltech-Nofima Strategic Research Alliance, a study on the effect of fish oil replacement by algae on salmon performance Five dietary treatments were prepared: Diet 2 MFM_2.5_AA - Medium fish meal diet + 2.5 per cent algae Diet 3 MFM_5_AA - Medium fish meal diet + 5.0 per cent algae Diet 5 LFM_0_AA_BP - Low fish meal diet (10% fish meal) + 5.0 per cent algae with organic minerals All test diets were formulated to contain equal amounts of crude protein, crude lipid, digestible energy, total saturated fatty acids, EPA+DHA and n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio using different oil and plant 40 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016 45 14 40 35 12 Dietary level of FM and AA % ab 16 30 10 25 8 20 6 Gaping % MFM_0_AA 15 4 10 2 5 0 0 MFM_0_AA MFM_2.5_AA Dietary FM Level (%) MFM_5_AA LFM_5_AA Dietary AA Level (%) LFM_5_AA_BP Gaping (%) Figure 1: Fish fillet gaping (%) in the different dietary treatments protein mixes. The algae used in this study was SP1 (Alltech) and the organic mineral mix was prepared using Bioplex® minerals supplied by Alltech. The salmon growth rates were high and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) low and similar in all the dietary treatments. The highest fillet levels of DHA were found in the fish in the lowest fish meal inclusion rate fed the organic minerals (LFM_0_AA_ BP). The Bioplex mineral supplementation in low fish meal diets resulted in lipid levels similar to that of the medium fish meal diets. No differences in fillet quality were measured across the five dietary treatments when drip loss, lightness, SalmoFan Cscore or firmness were measured. However, the gaping percentage was nearly eradicated by the supplementation of the Bioplex minerals (Figure 1) indicating that Bioplex minerals play a positive role in fillet quality. Bioplex minerals are more available than inorganic minerals and may protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet from oxidative stress and promoting higher PUFA incorporation levels in the fillet tissue of fish. There is still much to learn about the role of micronutrients as co-enzymes for key LCC-PUFA biosynthesis. Their influence on gene regulatory elements and their interaction with fatty acid oxidation may play a significant role in future sustainable feed formulations. For more information on the use on organic trace minerals in fish feed formulation, please email [email protected]. 41