Download Boosting Omega-3 Uptake with Organic Minerals

Organic mineral forms can greatly enhance the
absorption of an element through their structural
integrity. Minerals chelated to organic molecules
interact less with each other in the digestive tract
and have also been shown to be less sensitive to
the inhibitory action of other compounds because
of their reduced solubility in water. Amino acid
chelates of cobalt, manganese and zinc are more
available than their inorganic forms, while the organic chelate zinc methionine has been estimated
to be three times more potent than the inorganic
sulphate.
cent vegetable and 30 per cent marine raw materials.
It is clear that there is a trend towards decreasing
marine raw materials and a shift towards increasing the complexity of feed formulation with more
functional ingredients and additives. These functional ingredients and additives are being utilised
to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the species
being cultured, promoting good health, growth
and performance through balanced nutrition.
Salmon producers are acutely aware of the environmental and social challenges that the aquaculture
industry faces. The responsible sourcing of marine
and vegetable raw materials for salmon feed is an
increasingly important factor in production and a
vital component of a sustainable industry.
The simultaneous replacement of fish meal with
plant protein sources and the reduction of fish oil
through vegetable oil substitution impacts the fatty
acid composition of the filleted product. This results in high levels of C18 PUFAs and reduced levels of the omega-3 PUFA’s docosahexanoinc acid
(DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
Over the past 12 years, changes in diet formulation have seen the content of fish feed change
from 70 per cent marine raw materials to 70 per
This is of concern to producers and consumers
as salmon is an excellent source of high-quality
protein. Salmon is also a rich source of health en-
A comprehensive
range of
Boosting Omega-3
Uptake with Organic
Minerals
aquaculture
books that
provide a wealth of
knowledge about
aquaculture
ma
management.
Organic forms of trace mineral have been demonstrated to have higher bioavailability and tissue
storage when compared to their inorganic counterparts. This is of primary importance when it
comes to their nutritional performance in aquaculture feeds. Organic trace minerals increase
bioavailability while promoting performance, reducing mineral loading in diets and decreasing
waste discharge.
+44(0) 114 2409930
38 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016
[email protected]
39
Organic mineral forms can greatly enhance the
absorption of an element through their structural
integrity. Minerals chelated to organic molecules
interact less with each other in the digestive tract
and have also been shown to be less sensitive to
the inhibitory action of other compounds because
of their reduced solubility in water. Amino acid
chelates of cobalt, manganese and zinc are more
available than their inorganic forms, while the organic chelate zinc methionine has been estimated
to be three times more potent than the inorganic
sulphate.
cent vegetable and 30 per cent marine raw materials.
It is clear that there is a trend towards decreasing
marine raw materials and a shift towards increasing the complexity of feed formulation with more
functional ingredients and additives. These functional ingredients and additives are being utilised
to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the species
being cultured, promoting good health, growth
and performance through balanced nutrition.
Salmon producers are acutely aware of the environmental and social challenges that the aquaculture
industry faces. The responsible sourcing of marine
and vegetable raw materials for salmon feed is an
increasingly important factor in production and a
vital component of a sustainable industry.
The simultaneous replacement of fish meal with
plant protein sources and the reduction of fish oil
through vegetable oil substitution impacts the fatty
acid composition of the filleted product. This results in high levels of C18 PUFAs and reduced levels of the omega-3 PUFA’s docosahexanoinc acid
(DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
Over the past 12 years, changes in diet formulation have seen the content of fish feed change
from 70 per cent marine raw materials to 70 per
This is of concern to producers and consumers
as salmon is an excellent source of high-quality
protein. Salmon is also a rich source of health en-
A comprehensive
range of
Boosting Omega-3
Uptake with Organic
Minerals
aquaculture
books that
provide a wealth of
knowledge about
aquaculture
ma
management.
Organic forms of trace mineral have been demonstrated to have higher bioavailability and tissue
storage when compared to their inorganic counterparts. This is of primary importance when it
comes to their nutritional performance in aquaculture feeds. Organic trace minerals increase
bioavailability while promoting performance, reducing mineral loading in diets and decreasing
waste discharge.
+44(0) 114 2409930
38 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016
[email protected]
39
Table 1. Growth Performance and Fatty Acid Fillet Composition
MFM_2.5_AA MFM_5_AA
LFM_5_AA
LFM_5_AA_BP
Dietary FM level (%)
15
15
15
10
10
Dietary AA level (%)
0
2.5
5
5
5
Final Weight (g)
1074±39
1053±35
1076±26
1054±37
1061±32
Total Feed Intake (Kg)
16.8±0.9
16.3±1.3
17.2±0.8
15.9±1.2
16.3±1.0
FCR
0.72±0.00
0.72±0.02
0.73±0.04
0.69±0.02
0.71±0.01
PER
3.14±0.01
3.13±0.09
3.10±0.15
3.23±0.09
3.25±0.02
Sum PUFA Fatty Acids (% in 100g fillet)
3.27±0.40
3.31±0.90
3.44±1.24
3.02±0.15
3.50±1.33
Fillet DHA (% in 100g fillet)
0.68±0.15
0.72±0.36
0.74±0.20
0.67±0.15
0.76±0.38
ab
ab
a
b
Table 1 shows the growth performance and fatty acid fillet composition.
hancing long chain omega-3 essential fatty acids,
which are good for the heart, brain, eyesight and
many other conditions.
and fillet quality, an organic mineral premix was
added to one of the experimental diets to study the
effects of these on fillet quality.
In order to maintain the health benefits of salmon the Norwegian Seafood Federation (FHL) announced that the minimum levels of EPA+DHA
present in diets for salmonids should be no lower
than four per cent of the total dietary oils.
The diet formulations are shown below and are
balanced to contain 4.85 per cent EPA+DHA (per
cent in dietary oil).
Recent studies have shown that it is possible to
replace fish oil in salmon feed using an algal meal
(Alltech Inc.), rich in the marine omega-3 fatty acid
DHA and obtain high n-3 fillet levels with improved
DHA, EPA and total n-3 ADC, while maintaining
good fillet technical quality and without affecting
the growth or having any negative effect on fish
health.
Diet 1 MFM_0_AA - Medium fish meal diet (15
per cent fish meal)
However, data from a European research project
has demonstrated that low fish meal (15 per cent)
diets containing higher than commonly used levels of minerals show similar growth with fish fed
a control diet with high fish meal (40 per cent)
inclusion.
Diet 4 LFM_5_AA - Low fish meal diet (10% fish
meal) + 5.0 per cent algae
Within the framework of the Alltech-Nofima Strategic Research Alliance, a study on the effect of fish
oil replacement by algae on salmon performance
Five dietary treatments were prepared:
Diet 2 MFM_2.5_AA - Medium fish meal diet +
2.5 per cent algae
Diet 3 MFM_5_AA - Medium fish meal diet + 5.0
per cent algae
Diet 5 LFM_0_AA_BP - Low fish meal diet (10%
fish meal) + 5.0 per cent algae with organic minerals
All test diets were formulated to contain equal
amounts of crude protein, crude lipid, digestible
energy, total saturated fatty acids, EPA+DHA and
n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio using different oil and plant
40 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016
45
14
40
35
12
Dietary level of FM and AA %
ab
16
30
10
25
8
20
6
Gaping %
MFM_0_AA
15
4
10
2
5
0
0
MFM_0_AA
MFM_2.5_AA
Dietary FM Level (%)
MFM_5_AA
LFM_5_AA
Dietary AA Level (%)
LFM_5_AA_BP
Gaping (%)
Figure 1: Fish fillet gaping (%) in the different dietary treatments
protein mixes. The algae used in this study was
SP1 (Alltech) and the organic mineral mix was
prepared using Bioplex® minerals supplied by Alltech.
The salmon growth rates were high and the feed
conversion ratio (FCR) low and similar in all the
dietary treatments. The highest fillet levels of DHA
were found in the fish in the lowest fish meal inclusion rate fed the organic minerals (LFM_0_AA_
BP). The Bioplex mineral supplementation in low
fish meal diets resulted in lipid levels similar to that
of the medium fish meal diets.
No differences in fillet quality were measured
across the five dietary treatments when drip loss,
lightness, SalmoFan Cscore or firmness were
measured. However, the gaping percentage was
nearly eradicated by the supplementation of the
Bioplex minerals (Figure 1) indicating that Bioplex
minerals play a positive role in fillet quality.
Bioplex minerals are more available than inorganic
minerals and may protect the polyunsaturated fatty
acids in the diet from oxidative stress and promoting higher PUFA incorporation levels in the fillet
tissue of fish.
There is still much to learn about the role of micronutrients as co-enzymes for key LCC-PUFA
biosynthesis. Their influence on gene regulatory
elements and their interaction with fatty acid oxidation may play a significant role in future sustainable feed formulations.
For more information on the use on organic trace
minerals in fish feed formulation, please email
[email protected].
41
Table 1. Growth Performance and Fatty Acid Fillet Composition
MFM_2.5_AA MFM_5_AA
LFM_5_AA
LFM_5_AA_BP
Dietary FM level (%)
15
15
15
10
10
Dietary AA level (%)
0
2.5
5
5
5
Final Weight (g)
1074±39
1053±35
1076±26
1054±37
1061±32
Total Feed Intake (Kg)
16.8±0.9
16.3±1.3
17.2±0.8
15.9±1.2
16.3±1.0
FCR
0.72±0.00
0.72±0.02
0.73±0.04
0.69±0.02
0.71±0.01
PER
3.14±0.01
3.13±0.09
3.10±0.15
3.23±0.09
3.25±0.02
Sum PUFA Fatty Acids (% in 100g fillet)
3.27±0.40
3.31±0.90
3.44±1.24
3.02±0.15
3.50±1.33
Fillet DHA (% in 100g fillet)
0.68±0.15
0.72±0.36
0.74±0.20
0.67±0.15
0.76±0.38
ab
ab
a
b
Table 1 shows the growth performance and fatty acid fillet composition.
hancing long chain omega-3 essential fatty acids,
which are good for the heart, brain, eyesight and
many other conditions.
and fillet quality, an organic mineral premix was
added to one of the experimental diets to study the
effects of these on fillet quality.
In order to maintain the health benefits of salmon the Norwegian Seafood Federation (FHL) announced that the minimum levels of EPA+DHA
present in diets for salmonids should be no lower
than four per cent of the total dietary oils.
The diet formulations are shown below and are
balanced to contain 4.85 per cent EPA+DHA (per
cent in dietary oil).
Recent studies have shown that it is possible to
replace fish oil in salmon feed using an algal meal
(Alltech Inc.), rich in the marine omega-3 fatty acid
DHA and obtain high n-3 fillet levels with improved
DHA, EPA and total n-3 ADC, while maintaining
good fillet technical quality and without affecting
the growth or having any negative effect on fish
health.
Diet 1 MFM_0_AA - Medium fish meal diet (15
per cent fish meal)
However, data from a European research project
has demonstrated that low fish meal (15 per cent)
diets containing higher than commonly used levels of minerals show similar growth with fish fed
a control diet with high fish meal (40 per cent)
inclusion.
Diet 4 LFM_5_AA - Low fish meal diet (10% fish
meal) + 5.0 per cent algae
Within the framework of the Alltech-Nofima Strategic Research Alliance, a study on the effect of fish
oil replacement by algae on salmon performance
Five dietary treatments were prepared:
Diet 2 MFM_2.5_AA - Medium fish meal diet +
2.5 per cent algae
Diet 3 MFM_5_AA - Medium fish meal diet + 5.0
per cent algae
Diet 5 LFM_0_AA_BP - Low fish meal diet (10%
fish meal) + 5.0 per cent algae with organic minerals
All test diets were formulated to contain equal
amounts of crude protein, crude lipid, digestible
energy, total saturated fatty acids, EPA+DHA and
n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio using different oil and plant
40 Sustainable Aquaculture Magazine September 2016
45
14
40
35
12
Dietary level of FM and AA %
ab
16
30
10
25
8
20
6
Gaping %
MFM_0_AA
15
4
10
2
5
0
0
MFM_0_AA
MFM_2.5_AA
Dietary FM Level (%)
MFM_5_AA
LFM_5_AA
Dietary AA Level (%)
LFM_5_AA_BP
Gaping (%)
Figure 1: Fish fillet gaping (%) in the different dietary treatments
protein mixes. The algae used in this study was
SP1 (Alltech) and the organic mineral mix was
prepared using Bioplex® minerals supplied by Alltech.
The salmon growth rates were high and the feed
conversion ratio (FCR) low and similar in all the
dietary treatments. The highest fillet levels of DHA
were found in the fish in the lowest fish meal inclusion rate fed the organic minerals (LFM_0_AA_
BP). The Bioplex mineral supplementation in low
fish meal diets resulted in lipid levels similar to that
of the medium fish meal diets.
No differences in fillet quality were measured
across the five dietary treatments when drip loss,
lightness, SalmoFan Cscore or firmness were
measured. However, the gaping percentage was
nearly eradicated by the supplementation of the
Bioplex minerals (Figure 1) indicating that Bioplex
minerals play a positive role in fillet quality.
Bioplex minerals are more available than inorganic
minerals and may protect the polyunsaturated fatty
acids in the diet from oxidative stress and promoting higher PUFA incorporation levels in the fillet
tissue of fish.
There is still much to learn about the role of micronutrients as co-enzymes for key LCC-PUFA
biosynthesis. Their influence on gene regulatory
elements and their interaction with fatty acid oxidation may play a significant role in future sustainable feed formulations.
For more information on the use on organic trace
minerals in fish feed formulation, please email
[email protected].
41