Download ROCK CYCLE

Rock Of Ages
2017
• Rocks are composed of minerals.
• The oldest known rocks found on earth were formed approximately 3.5-4.0 billion years ago.
• The 3 categories of rock types are igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. The categories are based on the processes that create
the rock. Each category of rock is broken down into more specific rock types that are based on the processes that form them and the
materials they are made of.
• The rock cycle is the changing of rock from one type to another over long periods of time.
• Label the entire rock cycle.
magma/lava
Metamorphic rock
Igneous rock
Heat and pressure
sediment
Sedimentary rock
Rock Of Ages
2017
Igneous rock can change into sediment or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into
magma/lava. Metamorphic rock can change into magma/lava or sediment.
Igneous rock forms when molten material cools and makes crystals. Molten material is a hot liquid made of melted minerals. The
minerals can form crystals when they cool. Igneous rock can form underground, where the magma cools slowly. Igneous rock can
form above ground, where the lava cools quickly.
When molten material pours out on Earth's surface, magma is called lava. This is liquid rock matter that you see coming out of
volcanoes.
On Earth's surface, when wind and water break rock into pieces it is called weathering. When wind and water carry rock pieces to
another place it is called erosion. The rock pieces called sediments get deposited or dropped from the wind or water to make a
layer. The layer can be buried under other layers of sediments. After a long time the sediments can be compacted and cemented
together to make sedimentary rock.
All rock can be heated. But where does the heat come from ? Inside Earth there is heat from pressure. There is heat from friction.
There is also heat from radioactive decay.
Heat and pressure changes the minerals in a rock. Because this rock changes it is called metamorphic. Remember that a caterpillar
changes to become a butterfly. That change is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis can occur in rock when they are heated to
300 to 700 degrees Celsius.
When Earth's tectonic plates move around, they produce heat. When they collide, they build mountains and metamorphose (metah-MORE-foes) the rock.
Each type of rock can melt to become molten material. The rock cycle continues. Mountains made of metamorphic rocks can be
broken down and washed away by streams. New sediments from these mountains can make new sedimentary rock.
The rock cycle never stops.
1. In paragraph #4, what does the word “sediments” mean? ___small weathered pieces of rock_____________________________
2. In paragraph #4, what do you think the word “cemented” means? ______held together___________________________
3. Where are 3 places that this passage says heat comes from in paragraph #5 ? ________________________________________
_________pressure_______friction____________radioactive decay_______________________________
Rock Of Ages
2017
4. What is the difference between magma and lava ? magma is below ground lava is above ground
5. After a rock has undergone weathering and erosion it becomes what ? _____sediment_______
6. What processes do sediments go through to become sedimentary rocks ? ____compacted and cemented_______
7. What processes do rocks go through to become a metamorphic rock ? _____heat and pressure__________________
8. What process do rocks go through to become molten material ? ______melt____________
9. What type of rocks can become metamorphic rocks ? ________sedimentary and igneous_________________
10. What types of rocks can become magma/lava ? ________igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic__________________
11. What types of rocks can become sediments ? __________ igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic ___________________
12. Most rocks that we see are not nearly 3.5-4.0 billion years old. Why not ?
rocks keep changing over time
most of the oldest rocks are underground
14. Complete the following chart.
Rocks
Igneous
Sedimentary
magma/lava
sediment
Metamorphic
sedimentary rock
igneous rock
Rock Of Ages
2017
Fill in the Blank
order
sedimentary
sediments
igneous
rock cycle
rocks
magma
lava
metamorphic
1. There are 3 categories of ________rocks____________.
2. Molten rock material is called _____magma________ or ________ lava___________.
3. Rock formed from sediments is called ________ sedimentary ___________ rock.
4. Rock formed from molten minerals is called ______ igneous ________________ rock.
5. Erosion and weathering can break rock into _____ sediments ______________.
6. The endless change of rocks from one type to another is called the ______ rock cycle ___________.
7. Rock changes can happen in any ______ order ____________.
8. Rock formed from pre-existing rock by intense heat and pressure is called ______ metamorphic _______ rock.
True or False
1. ___T___ Weathering and erosion changes metamorphic rock into sediments.
2. ___ F ____ Magma/lava cools to form sedimentary rock.
3. ___ T ____The oldest rocks are 3.5-4 billion years old.
4. ___ T ____ Rocks are always changing.
5. ____ F___ Intense heat and pressure can change metamorphic or sedimentary rock into igneous rock.
6. ___ T ____ Sediments can only change into sedimentary rock.
7. ___ F ____ Magma/lava can only change into metamorphic rock.
8. ____ T ___ Cooling and crystallizing changes magma/lava into igneous rock.
9. ___ T ____ Compaction and cementation of sediments forms sedimentary rocks.
10. ___ F____ Sedimentary rock form directly from metamorphic rock.
11. ___ F ____ All rocks follow the same pathway through the rock cycle.
Rock Of Ages
2017
1. Match the type of rock with how it is formed:
___ B__ 1. Igneous
A. Forms by making crystals change due to heat and pressure
___ C___ 2. Sedimentary
B. Forms when magma (lava) cools and makes crystals
___ A___ 3. Metamorphic
C. Forms when sediments become cemented together
Between New Zealand and South America, at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, Molten material from the mantle rises through the
crust. As the material comes into contact with the very cold ocean water, it cools quickly to become rock.
Which category of rocks are involved in this description ? ________ igneous rock_____________
Deep underground, a new rock forms as heat and pressure change its crystals and cause its minerals to change. Over millions of
years, this rock is uplifted to become part of a mountain. Then, layers of rock above the rock weather and erode away, until it
becomes exposed at the surface. Destructive forces weather it down, and its fragments are eroded away by a river’s swift-flowing
water. Eventually, these fragments flow into the ocean. Ocean water carries the rock fragments away from the river and they are
deposited on a beach. Over time, more and more sediment is deposited there, until the fragments that came from the original rock
become cemented into a new rock. Then more and more rock forms above this rock, until the heat and pressure change its crystals
and cause its grains to change.
List in order the category of rocks that are involved in this description.
_________ metamorphic rock____________________________
__________ sedimentary rock ___________________________
________ metamorphic rock _______________________