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Chapter 30 A Continuing Experiment: The West and the World Since 1989 Protesting Austerity Athens, Greece, January 17, 2012 What event in the table Was NOT a result of terrorism? 2001 U.S. 2004 Madrid 2005 London 2003 Hussein 2005 Paris Riots in Paris p869 Post-Cold War World • Trends in the Contemporary world – Tensions between the West & the Islamic world – Unprecedented economic technological changes – Concern about the pace of European integration – A growing backlash against globalization • Challenges – – – – How to interact w/ an ex-superpower, Russia Questions over the purpose of & membership in NATO The rise of militant Islam Globalization & assimilation of immigrant populations • Germany – Major beneficiary by end of Cold War – – – – – Rapid unification Transfer of capital back to Berlin Reopening of the Reichstag German participation in NATO air strikes in Yugoslavia By 2011 Germany’s role in the EU was the economic superpower which had survived the financial crisis. The European Union • 1957 – Treaty of Rome – established the European Economic Community • After 1991, growing European integration • NATO expanded to include former Soviet bloc countries but NOT RUSSIA – The Maastricht Agreements, 1991 (Maastricht Treaty) • • • • Provided for a common policy on workers’ rights Accelerated integration of the EU & created the Euro (common currency) Expanded the membership of the EU to include formerly communist states Allowed EU members to opt out of some of its provisions – By 2012, twenty-seven member countries – Economic stagnation forced the EU to create a true single market & genuinely free competition inside the EU • By 2011 Nations in the EU managed their own fiscal policies, but the EU managed monetary policy • Economic problems revealed new weaknesses • Conflicts between national interests and E.U. interests – A case in point: the EU currency crisis of 2012 – Austerity = an economic policy that emphasizes high taxes and government spending cuts • Group of 20 – Nineteen nations & the EU (represent 90% of world economy) • Group of 7 – The U.S., Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Italy & Canada • Group of 8 – the Group of 7 plus Russia – Purpose of the 3 groups = to coordinate the responses to an economic crisis The Democratic Reichstag, Berlin The centerpiece of the renovation of the German parliament building, completed in 1999, was the addition of a glass dome, intended to manifest the openness of Germany’s democracy as its capital moved from Bonn to Berlin. p870 French President Nicolas Sarkozy, right, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel shake hands as she prepares to leave following their key meeting at the Elysee Palace, Paris, early in December 2011. The two, who had come to work closely in response to the European debt crisis, developed a plan to tighten oversight of government budgets that was approved in its essentials at a European Union summit later that week. p872 The reunification of Germany and the breakup of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia fundamentally altered the map of Europe during the 1990s. Map 30-1 p871 • Tensions and challenges • Ethnic conflict in the Balkans in the 1990s • All of the following contribute to the breakup of Yugoslavia – • • Ethnic violence during WWII • The decline of a single Yugoslav identity • Ambitions of individual political leaders • The death of TITO Collapse of communism leads to civil war and ethnic cleaninsing • Ethnic Cleansing = forced relocation and murder of unwanted ethnic groups • New countries out of Yugoslavia • Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia NATO intervenes to stop the bloodshed controversial b/c: • violated national sovereignty • • • They never intervened in Rwanda during that genocide Set a troubling precedent NATO forces would occupy Kosovo and Serbia (Kosovo becomes a new nation) Much of east-central Europe, and particularly the Balkans, has long been an area of complex ethnic mixture. The end of communist rule opened the way to ethnic conflict, most tragically in what had been Yugoslavia. This map shows ethnic distribution in the region in the mid- 1990s. Map 30-2 p873 Mourning in Bosnia July 11, 2009 a Muslim woman mourns by the grave of a relative during the reburial of 534 newly identified victims of the massacre of up to 8,000 Muslim men by Bosnian Serb forces at Srebrenica in 1995. Each year on July 11, the anniversary of the massacre, bones excavated from mass graves are matched to a name and reburied at the nearby Memorial Center of Potocari. As of the 2009 ceremony, over 4,000 of the victims had been reburied at the Memorial Center. p875 • Terrorism in the 2000s • Global threat • Attacks in: • London • Spain • Russia • Northern Ireland • Basque • Chechnya • USA – World Trade, Pentagon, Sept. 11, 2001 • Pennsylvania (Flight 93) • Iraq War & Shifting Alignments in the West • After 9-11, US won widespread support • Pres. Bush lost most of that support w/ his call to overthrow Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq • Great Britain join w/ us in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. • Arab Spring – began Dec. 2010 – Revolutionary movement to overthrow autocratic rulers. (Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Libya) Terror in New York City, September 11, 2001 With one of the twin towers of the World Trade Center burning from an attack at 8:45 A.M., a second hijacked plane crashed into the second tower less than an hour later. By the end of the morning, both towers had collapsed. The Consequence of the attack: • The U.S. called for the destruction of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq • U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq p876 Global Economic Realignment • Breakdown of old distinction between “developed” and “developing” worlds • The rise of China – Deng Xiaoping’s reforms – Production of manufactured goods for export – New role as creditor in the E.U. financial crisis • Advent of the G-20 after 2008 – Group of 20 – Nineteen nations & the EU (represent 90% of world economy) – Group of 7 – The U.S., Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Italy & Canada – Group of 8 – the Group of 7 plus Russia • Purpose of the 3 groups = to coordinate the responses to an economic crisis By the early 21st century, GDP varied dramatically among the European countries, revealing the wide disparity in economic well-being across the Continent. The former communist countries continued to lag, even as some were growing at impressive rates. The U.S. figure was $42,000, and Canada’s was $32,900. (Figures are from 2008, before the worst of the economic crisis.) Map 30-3 p880 Transition in Post-communist States • The former Soviet bloc – Facing the uncertainties of capitalism – The example of Poland: successes and tensions • Experienced a 50% rise in GDP between 1990-2005 • Became one of the Big Six in Europe (the six EU biggest states France, Germany, the UK, Spain, Italy and Poland) • Suffered a widening gap between rich and poor • Attracted considerable foreign investment • The former Soviet Union • • • • Experienced a 50% drop in its economy from 1991-2001 Developed “Crony Capitalism & “Gangster Capitalism” Moved toward greater authoritarianism under Putin Suffered a decline in population Vladimir Putin • War in Chechnya – Chechnya is a small Muslim republic located in the Caucasus – 1994 provoked war with Russia for independence, compromise reached in 1996 • Chechen hardliners oppressed the Russian minority, kidnapping & enslaving some • Islamic militants began to spread Anti-Russian message – Russia renews full scale war with Chechnya in 1999. • Putin’s rise to power (head of Secret Police – hardliner against Chechens, Yeltsin appts. him Prime Minister) – Early Days: • Won international acceptance, making Russia a major international player • Saw the emergence of a growing middle class • Put restrictions on the media • Attempted to increase the population of RUSSIANS by expanding maternity benefits & grants to mothers – Dramatic strengthening of the state – Ruthless suppression of opposition – Reliance on petroleum income – Under Medvedev, growing anti-Putin sentiment Vladimir Putin, right, quickly came to dominate Russian politics after his first election as president in 2000. For constitutional reasons, he had to yield the presidency to Dimitri Medvedev, left, from 2008 to 2012, but Putin retained power as prime minister, then reassumed the presidency in 2012. Putin Medvedev p881 Two Models of Democratic Capitalism • The “Free Market” model – Embraced by the United States and Britain – Conception of unrestrained competition as source of opportunity – Willingness to accept resulting social inequality • The “Social Market” model – Embraced by continental Europe – Concern about the injustice that can result from unrestrained competition – Desire to mitigate social inequality with government intervention • Social Market Economy refers to the combination of capitalism & a secure safety net in Europe. • Convergences after the financial crisis of 2008 – Growing criticism and protest of inequality in the U.S. – Both feel the pressure of globalization and aging populations – Shared concern with how to continue funding the welfare state Identities and Lifestyles • New challenges to old identities – A small but growing Muslim minority • Raised questions about assimilation and the nature of European identity • Example of France and the “Affair of the Scarves” • France also had the highest % of Muslims in Europe in 2011. – Growing influence of far-right anti-immigrant parties – Anxiety that globalization will steamroll cultural differences – Increasing demands for regional autonomy within nation-states • The rise of consumerism – Flattened out old class distinctions – Growing abundance created new problems with pollution • Religious change – After WWII, adherence to traditional religion in Europe declined drastically, though many stayed culturally Christian. – The Catholic Church from Vatican II to John Paul II’s conservatism – Resurgence of Orthodoxy and Islam in Russia At the center of worldwide demonstrations in January 2004, French Muslims, mostly women, march in Paris to demand the right of women to wear traditional Muslim attire in public schools and other public buildings. The placard says: “Schooling is my right, the veil is my choice, France is my home.” A Referendum on Minarets in Switzerland Prominent in Zurich’s main train station in October 2009 were strikingly designed posters provided by the Swiss People’s Party. They call for a yes vote in an upcoming referendum on banning the construction of minarets, the slender towers typically accompanying Muslim mosques, much as bell towers typically accompany Christian churches. The referendum passed the next month. p885 The West in a Global Age • Interdependence in the new “Global Village” – Globalization and cultural mixing • World Economy: – Chinese dominance in manufacturing – China’s control of much of the U.S. national debt – A substantial move of European automotive production to east-central Europe – Former communist countries of east-central Europe appeal to manufacturers in the West – Western Europe’s Economy in the world: • As European integration proceeds regional identities have intensified & devolution has occurred • France Adopted government-subsidized affordable day care for Preschoolers in the 1980s – following other European countries. • Disparity in Europe involve job security as in civil service – which is primarily important – How is the world less Eurocentric? • • • • The influence & impact of OPEC was universal Chinese trade became a world factor A Threatened environment involved world action Nuclear threats from rogue nations threatened world peace This map shows populations in 2002, as well as projected average annual growth rates from 2002 to 2015, in countries throughout the world. In the developed countries of the West, populations are relatively high but growing slowly, if at all. Most of the world’s population growth is occurring in the less- developed countries outside the West. Map 30-4 p891 • The “Western Tradition” in light of globalization – Environment • • • • The fall of communism revealed environmental catastrophes U.S. withdrawal from Kyoto had drawn serious criticism Consumer culture still threatens the environment Support for nuclear power is increasing in the Western world. – Population • Africa is the continent with the highest growth rate • By 2050 the projected population of the world is 9.3 Billion – Post-Modernist Movement • Architecture – Embraces: Tradition, Rationality, the Machine, and impermanence & liberation from previous forms • French Philosopher & historian Michel Foucault said that the key to social or political power is the power to specify what constitutes knowledge. The Visual Record Pages 896-897 Il Palazzo Hotel, Fukuoka, Japan p896 Der Neue Zollhof (The New Customs House), Dusseldorf, Germany p897 City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, Spain p897 The Presence of the Past in Contemporary Europe Especially with the transformation of Europe since World War II, new styles intersect with living artifacts from the past to form sometimes ironic combinations. Here, in a neighborhood in Milan, Italy, a teenager on a motor scooter seems oblivious to the legacies of Christianity and Renaissance architecture prominent around him. p895