Download The Female Reproductive System

The Male Reproductive System
The External Genitals – The Penis and the Scrotum
I. The penis – male sexual organ consisting of the root, the shaft & the glans
A. Generally, the average penis is ~2 – 5 inches long when flaccid & ~4 – 7 inches long when
erect
1. When sexually aroused, he penis becomes stiff & enlarged because its tissues fill with
blood
B. Penis is attached to the body by its root; head of penis is the glans penis
1. Glans contains the urethral opening (meatus), through which both seminal fluid
(containing semen) & urine pass
C. The entire penis is sensitive & sexually excitable, but the glans & corona are particularly
sensitive (the most sensitive part of the male anatomy)
II. Size of the penis
A. Kama Sutra classified men according to penis size in 3 categories:
B. Other sources – correlated penis size with personality traits or the size of some other body
part
C. Some think penis size unimportant for sexual satisfaction since vagina adapts to penis
regardless of size contracts around penis regardless of width or circumference
III. Men can strengthen muscles surrounding penis; tend to be weak since only contract during
ejaculation; exercise —> more satisfying orgasms & better ejaculation control
A. Identify muscles; stop urine flow by squeezing them; when flaccid, squeezing them will
cause slight movement; when erect, squeezing moves penis up & down
IV. Circumcision – glans is covered by foreskin (prepuce); sometimes surgically removed for
hygienic, cultural or religious reasons (circumcision)
A. More common in U. S. than in Europe; in hospital, 2 days after birth; if religious – 8 days
after birth; Jews & Muslims both do it
B. Arguments in favor of circumcision
1. Hygiene is a reason – several preputial glands (secrete hormones only after puberty) are
found in foreskin under corona (Tyson's glands)
a. Secrete oily substance that, if not removed from under foreskin, combines with
dead skin cells to form cheesy substance (smegma)
2. Others say that foreskin interferes with sexual stimulation since it is barrier to glans,
but it retracts when penis is erect
3. Some cite higher penile cancer (rare), vaginal infection, cervical cancer, genital wart,
other STD rates in partners of uncircumcised men – not certain either way
4. It should be removed if it is so tight that it hurts to have erection or there is pain during
intercourse (phimosis) – much more painful & dangerous when adult
5. Religious tradition – Jewish or Muslim boys
6. If father is circumcised, parents might want son's penis to resemble father's
C. Arguments against circumcision
1. American Academy of Pediatrics released statements after 1971 that there was no
medical reason to do it; in 1990 it revered its position
2. Trauma of infant & pain, no general anesthesia or pain-relieving narcotics allowed for
infants so no anesthesia; some doctors use a local
3. Risk of infection or damage to penis during surgery (rare; <2 in 1000), hemorrhage,
emotional trauma & other health factors associated with surgery
4. If it is not part of cultural tradition or if they think it is unnatural (born that way, leave
it alone)
5. If father is uncircumcised, parents might want son's penis to resemble father's
6. Circumcision done without infant's permission; should be an adult choice
7. Child is ill at birth; should never be done on sick or medically unstable infant
V. The scrotum – located under the penis; a sac of skin containing testes & spermatic cords
A. Comprises 2 layers
1. Outer layer – covered with hair & sweat glands
2. Inner layer (tunica dartos) – has muscle & connective tissue; regulates temperature in
testes by drawing them up toward body if cold & hang away from body if warm
B. Temperature of testes is always 5.6°F (3.1°C) cooler than internal body temperature
C. Scrotum also contracts when inner thigh is stimulated or when it is chilled; due to contraction
of cremasteric muscles in spermatic cord (cremasteric reflex)
The Internal Genitals
I. The urethra – a tube through the penis that begins at the bladder & ends at the meatus; provides a
route for both semen & urine to exit the body
A. Urine – waste product of the body stored in the bladder until expelled through urethra
B. Semen – contains spermatozoa (sperm) & other substances
II. Corpora cavernosa & corpus spongiosum
A. Penis contains 3 spongy bodies: 2 corpora cavernosa & 1 corpus spongiosum; filled with
networks of blood vessels & nerves
B. During ejaculation, muscle surrounding corpus spongiosum (bulbocavernosus muscle)
contracts & forces semen out through urethra
III. The testes – suspended in scrotal sac by spermatic cords, vas deferens (through which sperm
leave testes), blood vessels, nerves & muscle fibers
A. Testes produce sperm (~50,000 per minute) & testosterone (a male sex hormone generally
responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics)
1. Secondary sexual characteristics examples – deep voice, facial & body hair
B. Within each testicle are ~1000 seminiferous tubules (produce sperm), a process called
spermatogenesis
1. Cells between the seminiferous tubules are called interstitial cells & produce
testosterone
2. Once produced in seminiferous tubules, sperm then move through vasa efferentia to
epididymis where they are stored & nourished up to 6 weeks
IV. Pathway of sperm
A. Mature sperm - ~.0024 inches (.0060 cm) long, with a head, neck, midpiece & tail; normal
one carries 23 chromosomes; one, sex chromosome, determines sex of baby
B. Ejaculatory process – begins with sufficient sexual stimulation & starts with fluids from
glands
1. Fluid from prostate gland mixes with sperm & secretions of seminal vesicles to further
aid sperm motility & prolong sperm life
2. Alkaline prostate secretions offsets vaginal acidity that would otherwise kill sperm
3. Cowper's glands (2 pea-sized glands adjacent to urethra empty another alkaline fluid into
urethra that neutralizes acidity caused by urethra's transport of urine
C. Ejaculation – expulsion through penis of semen, the mixture in which sperm are carried;
results from muscular contraction of glands & ducts of reproductive system
1. Expelling of semen is usually accompanied by orgasm (climax of a growing complex of
pleasurable sensations
2. Both ampulla & seminal vesicles contract along with bulbocavernosus muscle
surrounding corpus spongiosum
3. ~300,000,000 sperm sperm in single ejaculation; some feel that ejaculate must contain at
least 25 – 30,000,000 sperm/cc for male to be fertile
Hormones
I. Sometime during puberty, boys become capable of reproduction; accompanied by ability to
ejaculate (initially ejaculate does not contain mature sperm)
A. Increased reproductive capacity caused by increased androgen secretion followed by
development of secondary sexual characteristics
1. Along with enhanced reproductive capacity & as result of elevated androgens comes
heightened interest in sex
B. During puberty, increased testosterone leads to growth of penis, prostate, seminal vesicles &
epididymis
1. Males cannot ejaculate before puberty because prostate & seminal vesicles are not
functional until turned on by elevated testosterone
II. Male climacteric – do males have something akin to menopause?; answer is unclear
A. At about same age as women experience menopause some men experience midlife crisis
B. Hormonal evidence usually cited for male climacteric is decrease in testosterone production
at ~40 – 50
1. However, many say drop is minimal & too insignificant to influence male behavior;
middle-aged females have many of same concerns & fears & undergo self exam
C. Hormone therapy – testosterone supplements sometimes administered to treat erectile
dysfunction in older men; testosterone levels often not low in all having such problems
1. Sometimes treatment is effective & sometimes it is not
Self-Care and Prevention
I. Males need proper hygiene & monitoring of reproductive healthas well & should seek help when
problems arise
II. Breast cancer – happens but it is rare; 1600 new cases diagnosed in 1998; 400 men died in 1998;
seen in men as early as 30s; though rare men should examine their breasts for lumps
A. Breast exam in men is the same as for women
III. The prostate
A. Prostatitis – inflammation of prostate; symptoms are pain in lower back, pain when
defecating, pain during a rectal exam, pus in urine
B. Prostate cancer – estimated 184,500 new cases in 1998; estimated that 39,200 of them died of
it; second leading cause of cancer death in U. S. (lung cancer is first)
1. Between 1989 & 1992, rates increased dramatically because of new PSA prostate-specific
antigen) test detecting antigen made when prostate cancer is present
2. Since 1993, prostate cancer incidence rates have declined; these rates are nearly twice as
high for African-American men as for white men; no one knows why
3. Might be caused by diets high in fat and/or the presence of a gene that may make prostate
more susceptible to effects of testosterone
4. Factors that that place a man at risk for developing prostate cancer
5. Signs & symptoms
a. Weak or interrupted urine flow
b. A need to urinate frequently, especially at night
C. Some of these symptoms may be caused by prostate enlargement, which is common as men
age without presence of a tumor; called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
1. Treated with medication
2. Only way to distinguish BPH from prostate cancer is digital rectal examination (DRE) &
PSA blood test
D. Treatment if cancer is suspected consists of surgery, radiation and/or hormonal &
chemotherapies if cancer is at a late stage
1. Significant potential for serious side effects of these treatments (erectile dysfunction and/or
incontinence)
E. Can do prostate self-exam but need a good understanding of anatomy
IV. The testes
A, Testicular cancer – most common form of cancer seen in men during late adolescence & early
adulthood; most occur in men ages 15 to 40; ~7600 new cases in 1998 & 400 died
1. Risk is 4X greater for white men than African-American men; rate has doubled in white
Americans over the last 40 years but stayed the same for blacks
2. Risk factors – not related to injury or vasectomy
a. Undescended testes (cryptorchidism;~14% of cases in men with history)
b. Family history of testicular cancer
3. Treatment – surgery (removal of testicle), radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy
a. For surgery, cut made in groin & spermatic cord & testicle are withdrawn from scrotum
through opening (radical inguinal orchiectomy)
4. Treatment is highly effective if cancer is diagnosed early
5. Self examination can lead to early detection – lumps, masses or thickened areas may be
symptoms of abnormality (not always cancer)
V. The penis – penile discharges of pus, painful urination, itching, sores or warts on genitals may
indicate an STD
A. Men should wash smegma away daily to prevent irritation or infection in themselves &
partner
1. Easier for circumcised males, can be done during normal showering, rolling back
remaining foreskin