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Climate Change: Chapters 13 - Almost There Review Answers Define the Following: Climate – The long term, prevailing atmospheric conditions. El Niño – Winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific Ocean. Increased rainfall in the southern part of the US. La Niña – The cold phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – Environmentally significant because their chlorine atoms can destroy many stratospheric ozone molecules. Greenhouse Gases – Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide. They trap heat that is radiated upward from Earth. Global Warming – A predicted increase in Earth’s average temperature caused by human activities and the subsequent release of gases such as carbon dioxide. Kyoto Protocol - An international agreement that seeks to limit CO2 emissions from developed countries. Which of these conditions causes rain? cold, dry air sinks cold, moist air rises warm, dry air sinks warm, moist air rises True/False warm air is more dense - False cold air is more dense – True cold air rises and warms as it rises – False warm air rises and cools as it rises - True hot air can hold more water vapor than cold air - True cold air can hold more water vapor than warm air - False Describe what Charles Keeling found out about CO2 levels in the in the atmosphere: CO2 levels are higher in winter and lower in summer, but the winter highs are higher each year and the summer lows have not fallen as far. What effect does a mountain range have on the climate of a region in regards to these factors? Temperature on the mountain – Average temperatures are lower at high elevations than at the base. Coastal rainfall – The coastal side of the range usually has higher levels of rain. Inland rainfall - A desert is often found on the inland side of the range. In what way do latitudes impact climate? (hint: what factor changes with latitude?) More solar energy falls on areas that are closer to the equator than to the poles. Which gas has the biggest impact in driving the greenhouse effect? Water vapor What do greenhouse gases do to the Earth’s temperature? Trap heat near the surface of the Earth What causes the seasons? The Earth’s tilt, if not tilted then the Earth would no longer have seasonal changes in climate. True/False Carbon dioxide levels haven’t risen over the last 30 years. -False Only fossil fuels, not living plants, release carbon dioxide when burned. - False Global temperature and carbon dioxide concentration are related. - True Reforestation is one way we are attempting to slow global warming. - True Oceans are the source of most water that falls as precipitation- True Coastal areas have more moderate climates than inland areas- True Ocean currents redistribute warm and cold masses of water- True Why are we concerned more about global warming now, when we know the Earth has been far hotter and far cooler than it is today? Global warming may occur much more rapidly than it did during precious climate changes. What has happened to average global temperatures during the 20th century? Risen some years and fallen others, but has increased overall. Ozone blocks what kind of radiation? Ultraviolet radiation Why is that kind of radiation dangerous to us? It can damage genetic material in cells. Where does thinning of the ozone occur? Over both polar regions Will it take many years to reverse? Yes How long does it take CFCs to break down? 60-120 years A rise in global temperature will have what effects on the following? (circle one) sea level – rise or decline erosion of beaches – rise or decline polar ice mass – increase or decrease frequency of major storms – increase or decrease frequency of major droughts – increase or decrease During summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere experiences which season? Winter Stratospheric Ozone is destroyed by chlorine atoms released from CFCs. What did the following agreements do? Montreal Protocol (1987) An international agreement that limits CFC production. Kyoto Protocol (2001) An international agreement that seeks to limit CO2 emissions from developed countries. What is the difference between weather and climate? Temperature and sunlight right now describes the weather.