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Mycorrhiza DOI 10.1007/s00572-015-0637-4 NEWSCORNER International Congress on Mycorrhizae: mycorrhizal symbiosis a key factor for improving plant productivity and ecosystems restoration Mohamed Hafidi 1 & Ahmed Qaddoury 1 & Robin Duponnois 2 & Daniel Wipf 3 & Mohamed Hijri 4 & Amadou Bâ 5 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 The Mycorrhizae and Mediterranean Ecosystems Group (MYCOMED), the African Network on Mycorrhiza (AFRINOM) and the French Mycorrhizologist Network (RAMYF) co-organized an International Congress on BMycorrhizal Symbiosis a Key Factor for Improving Plant Productivity and Ecosystems Restoration^ in Marrakech, Morocco, October 15–17, 2014. Three hundred participants from 45 different countries attended the congress, which included 65 oral presentations and 100 posters. Abstracts of all talks and posters can be found at the website (http://icmycorrhizae2014.uca.ma) of Cadi Ayyad University. The congress was an international forum for exchange of knowledge and expertise between scientists developing fundamental and applied mycorrhizal research as well as companies commercializing mycorrhizal inoculum. The objectives were to update scientific and technical knowledge on mycorrhizal fungi as providers of key ecological services, to valorize the mycorrhizal symbiosis in practices in the socioeconomic environment of Mediterranean and tropical areas and to share the experiences of scientists with young researchers, policy makers and end-users. The contents Mohamed Hafidi, Ahmed Qaddoury, Robin Duponnois, Daniel Wipf, Mohamed Hijri and Amadou Bâ contributed equally to this work. * Amadou Bâ [email protected] 1 Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco 2 IRD/LSTM-UMR113, Montpellier, France 3 Université de Bourgogne UMR Agroécologie INRA1347/Agrosup/ U, Bourgogne, Dijon, France 4 Université Montréal, Québec, Canada 5 Université des Antilles/ LSTM-UMR113, Pointe-à-Pitre, France addressed included three topics: (i) biology, ecology and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in tropical and Mediterranean environments; (ii) mycorrhizal symbiosis and plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and (iii) valorization and transfer of mycorrhizal biotechnologies in agro-ecological engineering strategies and the socio-economic environment of tropical and Mediterranean areas. In the opening conference on the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza for plant health, Prof. Paola Bonfante (Italy) provided an overview on the cellular and molecular mechanisms which allow plants to take up essential minerals in model legume plants, and revealed how mycorrhiza may have a systemic impact on the fruit transcriptomics and nutrient content in agricultural important crops such as tomato. Dr. Marc Buée (France) introduced topic (i) by raising the fundamental question of how to connect metagenomics and mycorrhizal fungal ecology. Through various examples, spanning from local to large-scale studies using biogeographic approaches, he presented the advantages and risks of highthroughput sequencing to investigate ectomycorrhizal fungal ecology, with unprecedented scales of sampling, and illustrated how fungal genome resources feed metagenomics to increase knowledge on the ecology of mycorrhizal fungal communities and assemblages. In introducing topic (ii), Prof. Guillaume Bécard (France) talked about plant mechanisms that discriminate beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms via microbial signals. These molecular signals are involved in the processes of nodulation, mycorrhization, root development and basal plant immunity. They could have a huge potential for sustainable agriculture because of their implication in enhancing plant nutrition, growth and defense against pathogens and pests. Dr. Silvio Gianinazzi (France) introduced topic (iii) by presenting the domestication of beneficial soil microorganisms as an innovative technology for agriculture. He suggested that Mycorrhiza strategies for management of beneficial soil microbes should integrate three major components: plants, endophytes and agroecosystems. Researchers need to consider new technological approaches for optimizing the technical procedure and the efficient exploitation of these biological systems. He provided examples with particular emphasis on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oral and poster presentations were scheduled within each topic, and they sparked a series of debates, underlined challenges and pointed to future directions. To assess the diversity and ecology of mycorrhizal fungi (topic (i)), clear questions and hypotheses, appropriate experimental design and replication, and analysis of molecular data, could greatly benefit by the use of next-generation sequencing technologies (e.g. Illumina Amplicon Seq). To optimize the positive effect of mycorrhiza on plant crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses (topic (ii)), three directions were proposed as follows: selection of plant genotypes with best mycorrhizal responsiveness, selection of mycorrhizal fungal isolates for a given plant crop in a given environment (e.g. low P, drought, pollution) and development of efficient methods (rapid, cheap and relevant) to evaluate the mycorrhizal potential in the field. Future work on the management of mycorrhizal ecosystem services (topic (iii)) should aim to optimize the management of mycorrhizal fungi, to diversify crop rotations using mycorrhizal crops for increasing soil mycorrhizal potential and diversity, to inoculate with mixed mycorrhizal fungal inocula to overcome negative effects of management practices (e.g. tillage, chemical fertilizer) on the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal populations and to develop toolkits for quantification and tracking inoculants in crop lands and crop roots. Large-scale exploitation of mycorrhizal fungi in plant production systems could be based on the wide range application of mycorrhiza-based inoculants, such as in the Great Green Wall project in Africa, date palm revegetation, mushroom production and forestry. Many thanks go to the University Cadi Ayyad and members of the local organizing committee of the congress for their wonderful hospitality and to the sponsors Sharifian Phosphate Office, Ministry of Agriculture and Sea Fishing, Institute of Research for Development, Embassy of France in Morocco, Fondation Aïn Agadem, Crédit Agricole Private Banking, National Centre of Scientific Research, Academy Hassan II of Science and Technology.