Download COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA Explain Multimedia

COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA
1- Explain Multimedia Building Block.
Ans.
Multimedia Building Blocks
Multimedia is a combination of various elements, such as text, images, video, sound, and
animation.Interactive multimedia allows the user to control what and when the elements are
delivered With the rapid changes in the field of technology, the interactive multimedia has
become increasingly popular in education, business, entertainment, and public places.Now
multimedia, which has the capability of incorporating various media from text to graphics
and from video to sound, is a new way to present information.
Using Text in Multimedia:
Text is an essential aspect of presenting the information.
Like each element of the multimedia design, effective use of text can either direct
users/readers attention or divert it.
Using Sound in Multimedia:
Sound is one of the most powerful elements of interactive multimedia presentation.How you
use the power of sound, either linking text or image with sound, can enhance the multimedia
presentation.For any computer application, such as Web pages, audio resources need to be
digitized.There are some important considerations in order to do that: quality, file formats,
and file size considerations; digitizing process; and understanding constraints and limitations.
Using Images in Multimedia:
Graphics are the visual elements that make up a multimedia screen .The images, such as
pictures, clip art, 3-D graphics are widely used in designing for both multimedia and the
Web.
1-
Different between Relational and Multimedia database.
2-
What are various application of multimedia?
Ans. Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited
to, advertisements, art, education,entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics,business, sc
ientific research and spatial temporal applications. Several examples are as follows:
[edit]Creative industries
Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to
entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism, to media and software services provided for any
of the industries listed below. An individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum
throughout their career. Request for their skills range from technical, to analytical, to creative.
[edit]Commercial uses
Much of the electronic old and new media used by commercial artists is multimedia. Exciting
presentations are used to grab and keep attention in advertising. Business to business, and
interoffice communications are often developed by creative services firms for advanced
multimedia presentations beyond simple slide shows to sell ideas or liven-up training.
Commercial multimedia developers may be hired to design for governmental
services and nonprofit services applications as well.
[edit]Entertainment and fine arts
In addition, multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to
develop special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and
are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Some video games also use
multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of
just sitting by as passive recipients of information are called Interactive Multimedia.
[edit]Education
In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called
CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a
series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various
information formats.Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining education with
entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.
Journalism
Newspaper companies all over are also trying to embrace the new phenomenon by implementing
its practices in their work. While some have been slow to come around, other major newspapers
like The New York Times, USA Today and The Washington Post are setting the precedent for
the positioning of the newspaper industry in a globalized world.
[edit]Engineering
Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from
entertainment totraining such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software
interfaces are often done as a collaboration between creative professionals and software
engineers.
[edit]Industry
In the Industrial sector, multimedia is used as a way to help present information to shareholders,
superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee training, advertising
and selling products all over the world via virtually unlimited web-based technology
3-
Explain structure of BMP file format in detail.
Ans. The BMP file format, also known as bitmap image fileor Device Independent Bitmap
(DIB) file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics image file formatused to
store bitmap digital images, independently of thedisplay device (such as a graphics adapter),
especially onMicrosoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems.The BMP file format is capable of
storing 2D digital images of arbitrary width, height, and resolution, bothmonochrome and color,
in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, andcolor profiles.
Microsoft has defined a particular representation of color bitmaps of different color depths, as an
aid to exchanging bitmaps between devices and applications with a variety of internal
representations. They called these device-independent bitmaps or DIBs, and the file format for
them is called DIB file format or BMP image file format. According to Microsoft support:[1]The
following sections discuss the data stored in the BMP file or DIB in details. This is the standard
BMP file format.[1] Some applications create bitmap image files which are not compliant with
the current Microsoft documentation. Also, not all fields are used; a value of 0 will be found in
these unused fields. The bitmap image file consists of fixed-size structures (headers) as well as
variable-size structures appearing in a predetermined sequence. Many different versions of some
of these structures can appear in the file, due to the long evolution of this file format. A bitmap
image file loaded into memory becomes a DIB data structure – an important component of the
Windows GDI API. The in-memory DIB data structure is almost the same as the BMP file
format, but it does not contain the 14-byte bitmap file header and begins with the DIB header.
For DIBs loaded in memory, the color table can also consist of 16 bit entries, that constitute
indexes to the currently realized palette[4] (an additional level of indirection), instead of explicit
RGB color definitions. In all cases, the pixel array must begin at a memory address that is a
multiple of 4 bytes. In non-packed DIBs loaded in memory, the optional color profile data should
be located immediately after the color table and before the gap1 and pixel array[3] (unlike in diag.
1).When the size of gap1 and gap2 is zero, the in-memory DIB data structure is customarily
referred to as "packed DIB" and can be referred to by a single pointer pointing to the beginning
of the DIB header. In all cases, the pixel array must begin at a memory address that is a multiple
of 4 bytes. In some cases it may be necessary to adjust the number of entries in the color table in
order to force the memory address of the pixel array to a multiple of 4 bytes.[4] For "packed
DIBs" loaded in memory, the optional color profile data should immediately follow the pixel
array, as depicted in diag. 1 (with gap1=0 and gap2=0).[3]
"Packed DIBs" are required by Windows clipboard API functions as well as by some Windows
patterned brush and resource functions.[5]
Bitmap file header
This block of bytes is at the start of the file and is used to identify the file. A typical application
reads this block first to ensure that the file is actually a BMP file and that it is not damaged. The
first two bytes of the BMP file format are the character 'B' then the character 'M' in 1byte ASCII encoding. All of the integer values are stored in little-endian format (i.e. leastsignificant byte first). This block of bytes tells the application detailed information about the
image, which will be used to display the image on the screen. The block also matches the header
used internally by Windows and OS/2 and has several different variants. All of them contain a
dword (32 bit) field, specifying their size, so that an application can easily determine which
header is used in the image. The reason that there are different headers is that Microsoft extended
the DIB format several times. The new extended headers can be used with some GDI functions
instead of the older ones, providing more functionality. Since the GDI supports a function for
loading bitmap files, typical Windows applications use that functionality.
4-
Create an applet to rotate the polygon in clockwise direction.
5-
Write a code using HTML Tags to play video and also to include sound.
6-
Explain DCT coding.
Ans.
A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a sequence of finitely many data
points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. DCTs are
important to numerous applications in science and engineering, from lossy
compression of audio (e.g. MP3) and images (e.g.JPEG) (where small high-frequency
components can be discarded), to spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial
differential equations. The use of cosine rather than sine functions is critical in these
applications: for compression, it turns out that cosine functions are much more efficient (as
described below, fewer functions are needed to approximate a typical signal), whereas for
differential equations the cosines express a particular choice of boundary conditions.In
particular, a DCT is a Fourier-related transform similar to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT),
but using only real numbers. DCTs are equivalent to DFTs of roughly twice the length, operating
on real data with even symmetry (since the Fourier transform of a real and even function is real
and even), where in some variants the input and/or output data are shifted by half a sample.
There are eight standard DCT variants, of which four are common.The most common variant of
discrete cosine transform is the type-II DCT, which is often called simply "the DCT"; its inverse,
the type-III DCT, is correspondingly often called simply "the inverse DCT" or "the IDCT". Two
related transforms are the discrete sine transform (DST), which is equivalent to a DFT of real
and odd functions, and the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), which is based on a
DCT of overlapping data. The DCT, and in particular the DCT-II, is often used in signal and
image processing, especially for lossy data compression, because it has a strong "energy
compaction" property (Rao and Yip, 1990): most of the signal information tends to be
concentrated in a few low-frequency components of the DCT, approaching the Karhunen-Loève
transform (which is optimal in the decorrelation sense) for signals based on certain limits
of Markov processes. As explained below, this stems from the boundary conditions implicit in
the cosine functions.A related transform, the modifieddiscrete cosine transform, or MDCT (based
on the DCT-IV), is used inAAC, Vorbis, WMA, and MP3audio compression.DCTs are also
widely employed in solving partial differential equations by spectral methods, where the
different variants of the DCT correspond to slightly different even/odd boundary conditions at
the two ends of the array.DCTs are also closely related toChebyshev polynomials, and fast DCT
algorithms (below) are used inChebyshev approximation of arbitrary functions by series of
Chebyshev polynomials, for example in Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature.
7-
How digital audio is captured and stored ?
8-
Compare AVO and AUI file format.
Ans. There are literally dozens, if not hundreds, of video formats available today, with most
created to work well with a specific program or software. AVO (more commonly referred to as
the file extension AVI) is one of these formats. AVO is created by Microsoft and most used on
the Windows Media Player and other Microsoft video software. However, it is not always
compatible with applications on Mac computers, making it necessary to convert the files to a
more frequently-used format, such as MPEG.
The Au file format is a simple audio file formatintroduced by Sun Microsystems. The format
was common on NeXT systems and on early Web pages. Originally it was headerless, being
simply 8-bit µ-law-encoded data at an 8000 Hz sample rate. Hardware from other vendors often
used sample rates as high as 8192 Hz, often integer factors of video clock signals. Newer files
have a header that consists of six unsigned32-bit words, an optional information chunk and then
the data (in big endian format).Although the format now supports many audio encodingformats,
it remains associated with the µ-law logarithmic encoding. This encoding was native to
the SPARCstation 1 hardware, where SunOS exposed the encoding to application programs
through the /dev/audio interface. This encoding and interface became a de facto standard
for Unix sound.