Download Tasks for individual work in analytical chemistry for the 2d year

Tasks for individual work
in analytical chemistry
d
for the 2 year foreign students of the pharmaceutical faculty
Specializations “Pharmacy” and “Clinical pharmacy”
2015-2016
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MODULE 1
Mendeleev Periodic Law – the basic law of the study of chemical and analytical properties of substances.
Theoretical basis of hydrolysis in salt solutions. Hydrolysis process mechanism.
The structure of complex compounds. Functional-analytical, auxochromic and chromophoric groups of organic
reagents. The most important organic reagents used in the analysis: cupferron, complexones.
The structure of complex compounds. Functional-analytical, auxochromic and chromophoric groups of organic
reagents. The most important organic reagents used in the analysis: 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, dimethylglyoxime.
The structure of complex compounds. Functional-analytical, auxochromic and chromophoric groups of organic
reagents. The most important organic reagents used in the analysis: alizarin ditizon.
The structure of complex compounds. Functional-analytical, auxochromic and chromophoric groups of organic
reagents. The most important organic reagents used in the analysis: hydroxyhinolin, antipyrin.
Chemicals. Qualification of reagents based on their purity. Equipment and chemical vessels.
The preparation of samples for analysis. The concept of substance, which is investigated. The concept of the sample.
The selection of samples for analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous agents: crushing, screening, mixing,
division. Selection and presentation of the analyzed substance samples.
Methods of extraction, separation and concentrating. The theory of extraction methods, the laws of distribution.
Extraction constant. Partition coefficient. Extraction factor. Distribution factor. Classification of extraction processes.
Conditions for extraction of organic and inorganic compounds. The combination of different methods of separation
and concentrating with each other and with the physical and chemical methods of analysis.
Precipitation and coprecipitation. The positive and negative effects of the coprecipitation in analysis.
Crystalline and amorphous precipitates, the conditions of their precipitation. Aging of sediment, reasons of their
pollutions sediment: adsorption, occlusion, isomorphism.
The role of colloidal solutions in the chemical precipitation.
Protolytic equilibrium in non-aqueous solutions. Constant of the solvent autoprotolysis. Differentiative and leveling
effects of solvents on the strength of acids and bases in non-aqueous solutions. The use of non-aqueous solvents in the
analysis.
Bronsted and Lowry protolytic theory of solutions and its development.
Amphoterism. Equilibrium in solutions of amphoteric compounds. The ionization constants of amphoteric
hydroxides. Calculation of pH in solutions of ampholytes. Application of amphoterism in the analysis.
Conditions of analytical reactions performing. Sensitivity of analytical reactions and ways to improve it.
The use of buffer systems in the analysis.
Theory of electrolytes. The theory of strong electrolytes. Their importance in analytical chemistry.
Oxidation-reduction reactions and use of them in analytical chemistry. Real and standard redox potentials.
MODULE 2
Sulfatometriy and geksatcianoferratometriy. The content of the methods. Titrants of the methods, their preparation
and standardization. Application of the methods in the analysis.
Chromatomety. Titrants and indicators of the method. The possibilities of the method. Examples of method
application (detection of reducing, oxidizing agents and other substances), the advantages of the method.
Acid-base titration of polyprotic acids (in stages) by the example of the carbonate acid. Write the appropriate equation
of the reaction, make the appropriate calculations to justify the choice of indicators and calculate equivalence factors
of the reactants for each stage of the titration.
Theories of indicators of acid-base titration: ionic, chromophoric, ionic and chromophoric, their advantages and
disadvantages.
The main characteristics of pH-indicators: the ionization constant, the transition interval, the connection between
them, the index of titration.
Titration of polyprotic acids. The possibility of their gradually titration corresponded to the different stages of
ionization.
Application of acid-base titration to quantify each component in a mixture of НСl and НСlO2.
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Application of acid-base titration for the quantitative analysis of triethylamine.
Application of acid-base titration for the quantitative analysis of hexamine.
Application of acid-base titration for the quantitative analysis of sodium benzoate.
Application of acid-base titration for the quantitative analysis of formic acid.
Characterization of non-indicators methods of the precipitation titration. The content, possibilities of the method, the
end point determination.
Ways of the end point determination in oxidation-reduction titration. Reversible and irreversible redox indicators,
examples of their use, non-indicators methods of the oxidation-reduction titration methods of analysis.
Effect of catalysts on the rate of oxidation-reduction reactions on the example nitritometric determination of aromatic
amines. The content and conditions of the method.
Application of permanganatometry to quantify Са+2 by back-titration method. The essence of the method, the
equivalence point determination.
Induced (conjugate) oxidation-reduction reaction. The concept of an inductor, the acceptor; actor.
Way to quantify of arsenites by permanganatometry.
Application of direct and indirect permanganatometric titration to quantify salts of Fe+2.
Determination of hydrogen peroxide in the analyzed solution by permanganatometry.
Application of iodometric titration to quantify water content in the drugs.
MODULE 3
The concept of radiometric and combined methods of analysis.
Polarimetry, cjntent of the method. Methods of the of optically active compounds concentrations determination, the
possibility of the methods used in the analysis.
The nature of the fluorescent light, its characteristics. Basic laws of molecular luminescence. Classification of the
methods.
Luminescent method of analysis. Devices for luminescent analysis. Extraction-luminescence analysis. Application of
luminescent methods in the analysis of chemical compounds and drugs.
Fluorimetry. The content of the method. Methods of the concentration determination, possibility of the method,
application in the analysis.
Theoretical basis of voltammetric methods of analysis. The electrodes, which are used. Polarographic wave and its
characteristics. Factors affecting the half-wave potential. Conditions for polarographic analysis.
Qualitative polarographic analysis. Ilkovic equation. Quantitative polarographic analysis. Polarographic analysis of
organic compounds. Equipment. Modified voltamperometric methods.
Amperometric titration. Amperometric titration curves. Biamperometric titration. Equipment. Application of
voltamperometric methods in the analysis of chemical compounds and drugs.
Coulometry. Theoretical basis of the method. Faraday's law. Direct coulometry. Coulometric titration. The end point
detection. Coulometry at a constant current and at a constant potential. Equipment. Application in the analysis.
Gas and gas-liquid chromatography. The essence of the methods. Application of the method in the analysis.
Ion exchange chromatography. Ion-exchangers (ionites). Application of the method for the separation of substances
and quantitative determinations of mixture components.
Thin-layer chromatography. The content and possibilities of chromatography in qualitative analysis of individual
substances and mixtures.
High performance liquid chromatography. The essence of the method. Application of the method in the analysis of
substances and mixtures.
Absorption and molecular spectroscopy. Absorption spectrum. Main characteristics. Methods of spectrum
registration. Devices, sources of electromagnetic radiation.
Atomic absorption flame spectroscopy. The essence of the method. Sources of radiation. Methods of concentrations
determining. Comparison of the atomic-absorption method with the method of flame photometry.
Emission flame photometry. The content and principles of the method. Application of the method in the analysis.
Methods of concentrations determining.
Extraction-photometric analysis. Extractants and extracted reagents. Application in the analysis of inorganic, organic
chemicals and pharmaceuticals.