Download THIS STUDY GUIDE IS VERY BRIEF. I WILL DO A REVIEW IN

THIS STUDY GUIDE IS VERY BRIEF. I WILL DO A REVIEW IN CLASS, GOING OVER THIS INFO.
IF I FEEL ADDITIONAL INFO IS NEEDED, I WILL ADD AN ADDENDUM.
Chapters 1-3:
Chapter 1: Big themes
Chapter 2: Chem
Chapter 3: Water & its properties
Definitions: I’d suggest making flashcards
1. Biology
2. Producer, Decomposer, Consumer
3. Cell and Organelles
4. Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
5. Gene
6. DNA, RNA
7. Taxonomy
8. Natural Selection and Artificial Selection
9. Science
10. Hypothesis
11. Theory
12. Element
13. Matter, Weight
14. Trace Elements
15. Protons, Electrons, Neutrons
16. Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isotope
17. Valence e- or outermost e18. Ion
19. Ionic bond, Covalent bond (polar & nonpolar), Hydrogen bond
20. Reactants & products
21. Cohesion, Adhesion, Evaporative cooling, Heat, Temperature
22. Solution, solvent, solute, aqueous solution
23. Acid, base, pH, buffer
24. Hydrophilic & hydrophobic
Concepts: (I’m just starting you off with the below topics. I’d suggest you fill in the blanks with further details.
1. 7 properties/processes of life: order, regulation etc.
2. 2 main processes of an ecosystem (that interact with environment): nutrient (re)cycling & energy flow
3. 9 levels of organization found in life: biosphere, ecosystem etc.
a. Formal definitions of cell and organelles
4. 3 (Main) Domains and then going down to the 4 Kingdoms of Eukarya Domain
5. Evolution: unifying theme of life, which also explains the diversity of life
a. Ideas and Observations associated with Darwin: i.e. beak sizes of finches
b. Look at the light/medium/dark-colored beetles figure & captions.
i. Understand natural selection
ii. Darwin’s 2 observations
iii. Artificial selection (i.e. GMO foods)
6. Discovery Science, Hypothesis-driven Science and Scientific Method (know the correct order!)
7. 4 most common elements (know their atomic number, mass & e- configurations)
8. What makes up an atom? What makes the nucleus? The cloud surrounding the nucleus includes _____?
9. Know how to determine # of protons, neutrons, and electrons of an element/atom. (I’ll only test on
uncharged (neutral) atoms).
10. Radioactive isotopes are more unstable, rather than isotopes which are stable. Know what is an isotope?
(most common is C12, C13, C14)
11. Know how to write out & draw e- configuration: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6.
a. Know the max # of e- each shell can hold
1st shell = 2 max e2nd shell = 8 e3rd = 8 eFor a total of 18e12. Know examples & how to draw the different kinds of bonds
a. Ionic
b. Covalent (Nonpolar and Polar)
c. H bonds
13. Water molecules are unique: polar covalent bonds due to Oxygen having (8e-) thus attracting the emore to its side (partial/slight negative). Don’t forget the fancy delta symbol showing partial charge!
14. Human body cells are ~70-95% water.
15. 4 properties of water
a. Cohesion (adhesion & surface tension due to H bonds)
b. moderation of temperature (i.e. boiling pot of water)
c. ice floating due to H bonds
d. universal solvent (know solvent, solute, solution)
16. Acid, base, pH, buffers: all in the context of H+ ions.
a. Acids = more H+ ions/less OH- ions
b. Base = less H+ ions/more OH- ions
c. Buffers neutralize
17. pH = scale of number of H+ ions, logarithmic = going up/down scale by 10x.
a. Definitely know how to compare pHs of 2 solutions. Which is more acidic and by how much?
18. Number of bonds
a. single bond = 1 pair of eb. double bond = 2 pairs of ec. triple bond = 3 pairs of e19. Definitely know the Max # of covalent bonds that a single of atom can have (from H to Argon)
a. Can the 4 most common elements form ____ # of bonds?
i. C= 4
ii. H=1
iii. N=3
iv. O=2
Chapters 4 & 5:
Chapter 4 Organic Chem
Chapter 5 Macromolecules
!!FYI: THIS IS A REVIEW TO HELP GUIDE YOU IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION.
I PUT IN TOPICS I FELT WERE MOST IMPORTANT
BUT I MIGHT HAVE LEFT OUT OTHER INFO THAT WE HAVE GONE OVER IN CLASS
FILL IN THE MISSING INFO IF NEEDED
CHAPTER 4:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Know the definition of Organic chemistry and hydrocarbons.
Carbon atoms can form bonding to four other atoms!!
Know the simplest form, Methane
Know the # of valence electrons for four atoms: C, H, N, O
Four ways of hydrocarbon skeletons can vary
a. Length
b. Double bond position
c. Rings can be formed in water
d. Unbranched vs. Branched
6. Definitely known the 3 types of isomers
a. Structural (Unbranched &. Branched)
b. Cis/trans (also called geometric)
c. Enantiomers (mirror images)
** Remember enantiomers compounds can be active or inactive, especially for pharma drugs
7. Most important in this chapter: the Functional Groups!
a. Know the 7 different groups and how to recognize them.
b. You might see multiple groups on one big compound.
c. Also for Carbonyl Group: there are 2 different skeletons!!!
i. Ketones: C=O in the middle
ii. Aldehyde: C=O at the end
8. Read the Chapter Review.
CHAPTER 5:
1. Know what are monomers and polymers.
2. **Know that only 3 Macromolecules are made up from monomers: Carbs, Proteins & Nucleic Acids
**Lipids do NOT monomer build.
3. !!Dehydrations Reaction: removing water (when the bond is made)
a. i.e. Carbs = GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
b. Lipids = ester
c. Proteins = peptide
d. NA = phosphodiester bonds
4. Hydrolysis: breaking bond by adding water (opposite of dehydration)
5. Carbohydrates: “sugar/saccharides,” have hydrocarbon chains (C-skeletons)
6. Example of Isomers (exact same molecular formula [#of C’s, H’s], but different structures.
a. i.e. glucose (aldehyde) & fructose (ketone)
b. 2 MONO examples: glucose, fructose
c. 3 DI examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
d. 4 POLY examples: cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin
7. Cellulose, glycogen, starch = are all types of POLYSACCHARIDE Carbs but have different functions &
structures.
8. STARCH: alpha monomers, all –OH’s on same side & unbranched. In plants.
9. CELLULOSE: beta monomers, all –OH’s on opposite sides & made into a fiber. In plants, but make up
cell walls.
10. GLYCOGEN: branched & found in animals (like humans). Storage sugar in animals.
11. CHITIN: makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects). Also dissolvable stitches in surgeries.
12. Know the base structure for lipid (glycerol head [3 C’s] & fatty acid tail).
13. Know FATS are made up of: glycerol & 3 fatty acid tails
14. DON’T FORGET FATS ARE MADE VIA DEHYDRATION TO MAKE THE ESTER BOND
15. STEROIDS: 4 fused hydrocarbon rings.
16. Lastly, PHOSPHOLIPIDS: glycerol & 2 fatty acid tails with the double bond kink.
**GOING FURTHER INTO DETAILS:
17. FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES)
a. Unsaturated Fats = less # of H bonds, good type of fat, has a double bond which creates a kink,
that makes it more fluid.
b. Saturated Fats= maxed out the # of H bonds because all single bonds which cause packing or
stacking that makes a solid (plaque) which is unhealthy.
c. Trans fat = start off as an unsat. fat that is modified into a sat. fat in lab (VIA
HYDROGENATION = adding back H’s to make single bonds), the most unhealthy.
18. Steroids: cholesterol is the base for all steroids, with just a simple change of the functional group,
testosterone and estrogen can be formed. In addition, anabolic steroids can be man-made by adding to
the functional group of testosterone.
19. Phospholipids!! Know phospo- (PO4-) part is hydrophilic & lipid tails are hydrophobic =
AMPHIPATHIC. Also these make the bilayer of all biological membranes, like the Cell (also called
Plasma) Membrane.
20. Proteins = aa monomers adding together via PEPTIDE bonds & a dehydration reaction.
a. aa (amino acid) base consists of = central C, Amino group(on left side), and carboxyl group (on
right side), simple H & R side group.
b. just know that you can change the R (side) group to get 1 of any 20 aa.
21. Folding
a. primary (linear held together via PEPTIDE BONDS)… quaternary, know each step of folding!
b. Remember the secondary (alpha helix & beta pleats held together via HYDROGEN BONDS)
c. Tertiary (held together via disulfide bridges!)
d. Quaternary (four IDENTICAL subunits & the shape gives the active site)!!
e. The shape of the protein tells its function!!
f. **PRIMARY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT CAN CAUSE SERIOUS
MISFOLDING!
g. i.e. Sickle cell: just with single aa substitution causes the disease!
22. Know all the functions of proteins.
a. Specifically, ENZYMES! What do enzymes do?
i. They lower the activation energy barrier (E needed to start reaction and continue process
of breaking down into products) so the reaction can speed up.
ii. Remember enzymes are recyclable.
iii. The foldings of the enzymes give the specific active sites, so only one specific substrate
can bind to only one specific enzyme. Ex: Lactase & Lactose
23. Denaturation: by EXTREME temps and/or ph imbalance. Denaturation reversible to Renaturation, vice
versa.
24. CENTRAL DOGMA FIG 5.25!!!!!
25. DNA & RNA are made of na (nucleic acid monomers = NUCLEOTIDES).
26. Know the 3 parts of a NUCLEOTIDE!!!
1: Sugar = Ribose/Pentose.
2: Phosphate. (The Sugar & Phosphate make the backbone)
3. Nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G & U if RNA)
27. Found in DNA
a. it is deoxy (minus an –OH)
b. also double stranded
c. & ATGC = nitrogenous bases.
d. Remember Purines = A(s), G(old); Pyrimidines = C, U(racil), T.
28. RNA has:
a. Uracil, instead of T
b. & an OHc. Is single stranded
d. Remember the Sugar-Phosphate backbone
29. Know how to find the complementary DNA strand!!
a. A always binds to T and C binds to G, vice versa.
b. Once you know the binding, remember the strands are kept together via HYDROGEN
BONDING.
30. After you know how to go from Parent DNA to Complimentary DNA:
a. Know how to go from DNA to Complimentary RNA (remember Uracil instead of Thymine
now).
b. Remember when one strand goes up, the other goes down = antiparallel.
31. Best review is at the end of chapter. & Try the chapter questions too.