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Biology- chapter 18 TEST REVIEW
Name _________________
Short Answer: Please answer the following questions.
1. Is influenza caused by a bacteria or a virus?
virus
2.
What are the three types of bacterial shapes that you are responsible for
knowing? What does each shape look like?
Bacilli (rod), cocci (circle/sphere), Spirochete/Spirilla (spiral)
3. Prokaryotes lack ______________________.
Nucleus/ organelles
4. Some bacteria move with the help of a ___________________.
Flagellum/cilia
5. Which type of bacteria use sunlight for energy and also need organic compounds
for nutrition?
photoautotrophs
6. What is the name for asexual reproduction in bacteria? What does it look like?
Binary fission (looks like one cell splitting into two cells)
7.
This is the term for the sharing of information (DNA) between two different
bacteria in the form of a bridge where DNA travels from one organism to the
other.
Conjugation
8. What is an endospore? What is the evolutionary advantage for the formation of
one?
It protects the bacteria for a long period of time, it goes on the outside of the bacterium.
It allows the bacteria to go dormant in conditions that would otherwise lead to death thus
eventually if it becomes active again it can send it’s DNA to the next generation.
9. What is nitrogen fixation?
When bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
10. What are pathogens?
Disease causing agents.
11. What are the two ways in which bacteria damage organisms?
1) the toxin produced causes the damage 2) the bacterium itself causes the damage to
the organism
12. Is strep throat caused by a bacteria or a virus?
Bacterium- Streptococcus is the genus and the common illness that it can cause is “Strep
throat”
13. What is the name for the compounds that block bacterial reproduction and
growth?
Antibiotics, antibacterials, antimicrobials
14. What are the two ways in which something can be sterilized?
Heat or chemicals
15. What is one argument for why viruses are non-living?
They cannot reproduce without a host
16. There are two basic structural features to a virus, what are they?
A protein coat and a form of genetic information (DNA or RNA)
17. Who does a bacteriophage infect?
Bacteria
18. During a lytic or lysogenic infection does the virus enter the cell, replicate, and
then cause the cell to rupture?
Lytic causes this immediately
19. How is a retrovirus different from a simple virus?
It has RNA as its genetic material
20. How do the methanogens, thermoacidophiles and halophiles differ from each
other? How are they similar?
They are all archaebacteria. They live in different environments (thermoacidophiles live
where it’s hot and acidic, halophiles live where it is salty).
21. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to each other. What structures do the
cell types have in common? What structures does one cell type have that the
other lacks?
Common- cell membrane, genetic information, ribosomes, cytoplasm
Different- eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles that a prokaryotic cell lacks
22. What are the three different types of influenza?
-DON’T WORRY ABOUT THIS ONE!23. List two ways you prevent antibiotic resistance.
1) take the full dose of antibiotics
2) only use antibiotics as a last resort
24. How are the kingdoms archaebacteria and eubacteria different from each other?
How are they similar?
Different- habitat; eubacteria are found in normal situations, archaebacteria are the
“extreme livers” they live in places that you might not think life exists (example a hot
springs)
Same- both prokaryotes
25. What is a retrovirus? How does it differ from a normal virus?
It has RNA as its genetic material instead of DNA
26. How do the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle differ in viruses?
Lytic acts immediately, lysogenic lays around for awhile
27. What is a bacteriophage and how is it different than normal viruses?
It infects bacterial cells
28. Describe the difference between obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and
obligate aerobes when it comes to bacteria.
Obligate anaerobes live without oxygen, facultative anaerobes live either with or without
oxygen (it does not matter to them) and obligate aerobes live only with oxygen
29. Which kingdoms have eukaryotic cell types? Which kingdoms have prokaryotic
cell types?
Study Guide
Chapter 17: Classification
30. Write the scientific name of the American Black Bear and the Cardinal. What
makes a good scientific name?
Ursus americanus, scientific name includes genus and species
31. Create a graphic organizer to show the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms.
32. List the taxa in order from broadest to most specific.
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
33. What is a distinguishing feature of and an example of a bacteria?
They are tiny. Example: Staphylococcus aureus
34. Describe the 3 classification systems we talked about: Aristotle, Linneaus,
Evolutionary.
Aristotle (divided things into plants and animals)
Linneaus (came up with the current binomial nomenclature)
Evolutionary (using DNA and derived traits)
35. What are the two parts of binomial nomenclature?
Genus, species
36. What does a cladogram indicate?
When a new trait appeared, lines of evolutionary descent
37. What domain/kingdom do viruses belong?
They don’t- this is a trick question- they are not considered living
38. What are some characteristics and examples of Kingdom Plantae and
Kingdom Animalia?
Multicellular, Eukaryotic
39. How do the derived traits and ancestral traits differ on a cladogram?
Derived traits only exist in certain members of a cladogram and an ancestral trait exists in
all members of a cladogram (all “ancestors” have the trait)
For questions 40-42 use the cladogram below.
40. Which of the following describes an ancestral trait?
a. present in members of one group of the lines, but not in the common
ancestor.
b. found within the entire line of descent of a group of organisms.
41. Which of the following organisms would be the closest relatives?
a. Hagfish and Salamander
c. Hagfish and Mouse
b. Pigeon and Perch
d. Salamander and Lizard
42. Which of the following would be the most distant relatives?
a. Hagfish and Salamander
b. Pigeon and Perch
c.
d.
Hagfish and Mouse
Salamander and Lizard