Download about food chain

Food chain
by "ma7amed
Elbaroudy"
Grade
11 \ 1 Scientific
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Introduction
The food chains is show how plants, animals, and human
Are living together and what is there food
First the sun is the main producer of the pour.
Then plants need the sun's light to make there food
Animals eat meat from other animals or they eat the grass
Humans eat the cow, sheep or chickens.
Finally I know that sun and the plant important for the life. And
we must thank the God for there givens>
The food chain comprises all living things and is a true reflection of their interdependence
and the complex balance of life. If one animal's source of food disappears, such as from overfishing or hunting, many other animals in the food chain are impacted and may die.
Breaking one link on the chain means all of the organisms above that link are in threat of
extinction (like the domino effect). Since the food chain provides energy that all living things
must have in order to survive, it is imperative that we protect it.
Why should I be
aware of this?
A significant portion of the
Pacific Ocean, twice the size
of Texas, is full of plastic.
Some of these minuscule
pieces of plastic are so small
that they are barely visible to
the eye. As they swirl in the
seas and oceans, they
resemble fish food and are
eaten by the small fish. The
plastic thus enters the food
chain.
Evidences of plastic's entry into the food chain were seen when dead bodies of a large
number of seabirds that had been washed ashore were found to contain plastic: things like
bottle caps, cigarette lighters, tampon applicators, and colored scraps. Apparently these
resemble baitfish to the seabird. Scientists say these toxins cause obesity, infertility and
other problems amongst humans.
How does this affect me?
In recent times, directly or indirectly man has caused the maximum damage to the food
chain. He has hunted animals, razed forest for farming and development, and wreaked
havoc everywhere. This adverse impact on the food chain might affect our health, the
environment and our planet.
When we spray pesticides, we not only put the food chain in danger, but also affect out
health by introducing chemicals in our food.
Why we need the food ?
Do you like to play games? If you do, you will need energy. Every time you run
or jump, you are using up energy in your body. How do you get the energy to
play? You get energy from the food you eat. Similarly, all living things get
energy from their food so that they can move and grow. As food passes
through the body, some of it is digested. This process of digestion releases
energy.
All about food chain
The food chain consists of four main parts:
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Sun -- The sun is the source of energy for all activities on the earth.
Producers -- This includes all plants, which harness the energy of the sun and
make their own food.

Consumers - These include all organisms that cannot manufacture their own
food and eat food manufactured by something else. While herbivores are primary
consumers and the second largest biomass in an ecosystem, carnivores or animals
that eat the herbivores make up the third largest biomass, and are also known as
secondary consumers. Consumers include

herbivores --animals that eat plants.
carnivores -- animals that eat other animals.
parasites --animals that live off of other organisms by harming it.
scavengers -- animals that eat dead animal carcasses.
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Decomposers: These mainly comprise bacteria and fungi that convert dead
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matter into gases such as carbon and nitrogen to be released back into the air, soil,
or water. Without decomposers, the earth would be covered in trash. Decomposers
also recycle the nutrients so that it can be used again by producers.
Both the sea and the land have a complex food chain.
On Sea
All sea creatures rely on other sea creatures for food. At the bottom of the food chain here
are the sea plants, krill and plankton. These are eaten by many types of fish and animals
such as the snail, shrimp, jellyfish, and sea star. These small animals and fish in turn become
food for larger fish, such as the tuna and mackerel, which are then eaten by larger fish and
animals, such as the shark and dolphin. Sharks are much needed to maintain the balance of
the marine ecosystem. However, they are killed for food and other things.
What's the kelp?
Kelp is a plant that does eat anything else. Mackerel is a fish that eats shrimps , squids , and
small fish such as anchovies . The actopus eats shrimps , crabs , snails , fish and sometimes
even turtles . The killer whale eats fish , squids , seals and sea lions . Red algae is a type of
seaweed and it doesn't eat anything . krills are ting shrimps that eat plankton , squids , fish ,
shrimps . Tuna eats fish in clnding mackerel . Anchovies are small fish that eat planktons
Marine Food Web
Plants and animals must have organic carbon to survive. Organic
carbon has high-energy chemical bonds which are broken to provide
metabolic energy. For example, humans eat organic carbon in the form of
green beans and chicken, but we couldn't survive if we only had diamonds to
eat. Diamonds are made from carbon, but it is the wrong kind - inorganic
carbon. Just like humans, plants and animals in the ocean require organic
carbon.
How do they get it? There
are only two ways. They either
produce their own or make use
of organic carbon produced by
others. Species that make their
own organic carbon are called
"primary producers". They are
the base of the marine food web
because all other species depend
on their productivity either
directly or indirectly to survive. In most parts of the ocean, primary
producers are marine plants, typically algae. These are the phytoplankton
(phyto = plant; plankton = floating). They live in the sunlit portions of the
ocean and use energy from the sun to convert inorganic carbon into organic
carbon.
On Land
On the land plants or bugs are eaten by smaller animals who in turn are eaten by larger
animals. At the top of the food chain on land are humans who eat many of the plants and
animals on earth. A break in the food chain can impact everyone, humans also. To
understand the food chain in the wild, take the example of the zebra and the grass. The zebra
eats the grass. Larger predators like the lion eat the zebra.
Do you know why there are more herbivores than
carnivores?
In a food chain, energy is passed from one link to another. When a herbivore eats, only a
fraction of the energy (that it gets from the plant food) becomes new body mass; the rest of
the energy is lost as waste or used up by the herbivore to carry out its life processes (e.g.,
movement, digestion, reproduction). Therefore, when the herbivore is eaten by a carnivore,
it passes only a small amount of total energy (that it has received) to the carnivore. Of the
energy transferred from the herbivore to the carnivore, some energy will be "wasted" or
"used up" by the carnivore. The carnivore then has to eat many herbivores to get enough
energy to grow.
Because of the large amount of energy that is lost at each link, the amount of energy that is
transferred gets lesser and lesser
Food chain and the environment
Air Pollution
Human activity cause air
pollution and lead to global
warming. Apart from
increasing the sea levels, rise
in earth’s temperatures can
cause other alterations in the
ecology, including modifying
the quantity and pattern of
rainfall -- which can have its
own ramification on the food
chain.
Lower agricultural outputs,
glacier melting, lesser
summer stream flows, genus
extinctions and rise in the
ranges of disease vectors are likely to be the other consequences. Global warming has
already made species like golden toad, harlequin frog of Costa Rica extinct and a number of
species are threatened with extinction.
The rise of carbon dioxide emissions and the resultant climate warming from the burning of
fossil fuels are making oceans warmer and more acidic which in tuen are damaging coral
reefs, the world's most diverse marine ecosystem.
Plastic pollution
The plastic pollution is not just a cause of alarm because it is not biodegradable but it is
also making its way into the food chain. Its obvious victims include dead seabirds that have
been found on shores, their stomachs full of small plastic items such as bottled water caps,
cigarette lighters, tampon applicators, and colored scraps that, to a foraging bird, resemble
baitfish. These small plastic waste items are not just affecting sea birds but the entire marine
foodchain from whales down to zooplankton. There is a growing and disturbing proof that
we are ingesting plastic toxins constantly, and that even slight doses of these substances can
severely disrupt gene activity.
Hunting
By hunting animals nearly to extinction, everything above the animal in the food chain is
put in danger. A 'chain reaction' in the food chain can be perilous!
Overfishing
As overfishing depletes
prized
species like tuna, cod and
swordfish, commercial
fishermen are moving farther
oceanic food webs in search
catch, it has been observed. If
quest is pursued to its logical
scientists warn, it will lead to
wholesale collapse of marine
ecosystems.
down
of a
this
end,
a
A team of Canadian and
American scientists say that
overfishing of large sharks
led to an explosion of small
predators that are
devastating populations of shellfish.
the
has
The steep drop in shark numbers along the U.S. Atlantic coast since 1970 has caused an
increase in 12 of 13 species - rays, skates, and smaller sharks eaten mainly by large sharks.
The abundance of one of these species, the cownose ray, has increased 20 times and its prey
- scallops, clams, oysters, and other shellfish - have been reduced. The loss of scallops has
reduced water quality because scallops and other shellfish filter sea water. And the cownose
ray is now feeding voraciously on other shellfish, like oysters and clams.
Overfishing occurs when fish are caught faster than they can reproduce. Many
marine scientists now believe that overfishing is the biggest human impact on
the world's oceans. A recent study in the prestigious journal Science showed that
overfishing makes ocean ecosystems more vulnerable to harm from other human
impacts like pollution.
Evidence of overfishing abounds throughout U.S. waters, including the neardisappearance of fish that were once abundant, and the shrinking sizes of
average-sized fish. Today, many fish are caught before they are old enough to
reproduce.
Overfishing probably contributes to declines of marine birds and mammals by
reducing their food supplies. Depletion of fish populations is actually an accepted
goal for most fishery managers. Fishermen are encouraged to achieve maximum
exploitation by "fishing down" populations to about half their original size. Such
goals ignore the role of fish as an integral part of marine food webs.
Numbers of
Organisms:
In any food web,
energy is lost each time
one organism eats
another. Because of this,
there have to be many
more plants than there
are plant-eaters. There
are more autotrophs
than heterotrophs, and
more plant-eaters than meat-eaters. Although there is intense competition between animals,
there is also an interdependence. When one species goes extinct, it can affect an entire chain
of other species and have unpredictable consequences.
Equilibrium
As the number of carnivores in a community increases, they eat more and more of the
herbivores, decreasing the herbivore population. It then becomes harder and harder for the
carnivores to find herbivores to eat, and the population of carnivores decreases. In this way,
the carnivores and herbivores stay in a relatively stable equilibrium, each limiting the
other's population. A similar equilibrium exists between plants and plant-eaters
90 degrees
An iceberg more than four times the size of Greater London is damaging marine wildlife off the
coast of Antarctica by blocking sunlight to a huge expanse of ocean, It has created a build-up of sea
ice that has killed the tiny marine phytoplankton - a key element in the Antarctic food chain.
Phytoplankton turns sunlight into food for smaller marine life, notably the shrimp-like krill which is
an important source of food for fish, which are in turn eaten by seals and penguins. Sea ice stops
sunlight getting to the shallower depths of the sea where phytoplankton grow. The result is that the
C-19 iceberg has created the equivalent of a desert.
Copper Bytes
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One sea animal dissected by Dutch researchers contained 1,603 pieces of plastics.
One symptom of this practice of fishing down the food chain is that second-level creatures
normally preyed upon by the fish at the top of the chain are increasingly appearing on
restaurant menus.
An iceberg more than four times the size of Greater London is damaging marine wildlife off
the coast of Antarctica by blocking sunlight to a huge expanse of ocean. This build-up of sea
ice has killed the tiny marine phytoplankton - a key element in the Antarctic food chain.
Human activity is currently responsible for emitting 30 million tons of CO 2 each year, 12
million tons of which accumulate in the atmosphere.
Ring
Finally we find from this food chain that all animals are
connecting with each other, and if one from this creature die out
,it will make a Dangerous effect in all creature in the food
and we find that all food chain in this world live by the jungle
rules and it is the stronger eat the weaker
Resources
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