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İ.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi
Mikrobiyoloji ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji
Anabilim Dalı
Prof Dr Ömer Küçükbasmacı
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus
• H5N1 avian influenza A virus
• Microbial classification sophisticated
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
a world of millions of tiny "animalcules
Danish biologist Otto Müller
genera and species according to the
classification methods of Carolus Linnaeus
• 1840 the German pathologist Friedrich
Henle
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur
• Anthrax, rabies, plague, cholera, and
tuberculosis
• Paul Ehrlich 1910 “salvarsan”
• Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin
in 1928
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Gerhard Domagk's discovery of
sulfanilamide in 1935
• Selman Waksman's discovery of
streptomycin in 1943
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Viruses
• The smallest infectious particles
• Diameter from 18 to nearly 300
nanometers
• Twenty-five families with more than 1550
species of viruses
• More than 40 genera implicated in human
disease
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
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either DNA or RNA
true parasites
rapid replication and destruction of the cell
a long-term chronic relationship
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Relatively simple
• Prokaryotic
• Cell wall: gram-negative or positive
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Fungi
• eukaryotic organisms
• a well-defined nucleus, mitochondria,
Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum
• either in a unicellular form (yeast) that can
replicate asexually
• a filamentous form (mold) that can
replicate asexually and sexually
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
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Parasites are the most complex microbes
eukaryotic
unicellular and others are multicellular
range in size from tiny protozoa as small
as 1 to 2 μm in diameter (the size of many
bacteria) to arthropods and tapeworms
that can measure up to 10 meters in
length
• Their life cycles are equally complex
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Relationship between many organisms
and their diseases is not simple
• Treponema pallidum, syphilis; poliovirus,
polio; Plasmodium species, malaria
• Staphylococcus aureus-endocarditis,
pneumonia, wound infections, food
poisoning
• Meningitis caused by viruses, bacteria,
fungi, and parasites
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• Strict pathogens, rabies virus, Bacillus
anthracis, Sporothrix schenckii,
Plasmodium species
• exogenous infections and examples
include diseases caused by influenza
virus, Clostridium tetani, Neisseria
gonorrhoeae, Coccidioides immitis, and
Entamoeba histolytica
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
• person's own microbial flora that spread to
inappropriate body sites where disease can
ensue (endogenous infections).
• The interaction between an organism and the
human host is complex
• The virulence of the organism
• The site of exposure
• The host's ability to respond to the organism
determine the outcome of this interaction
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
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Quality of the specimen
The way its sent
The method used
The interpretation
• Koch's postulates are:
• The microorganism must be found in abundance in all
organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be
found in healthy animals.
• The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased
organism and grown in pure culture
• The cultured microorganism should cause disease when
introduced into a healthy organism.
• The microorganism must be reisolated from the
inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as
being identical to the original specific causative agent.