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English Grammar Terms Explained Term Abbreviation Explanation A short way of writing something e. g. G.A.A for Gaelic Athletic Association Adjective A word describing a noun e.g. the red car Adverb A word describing a verb e.g. He shouted furiously at the boys Analogy Comparing phrases e.g. finger is to hand as toe is to foot Antonym Opposite e.g. bad is the antonym of good Apostrophe Mark (‘) used to show possession e.g. Tom’s car Collective Noun A word for a group of things e.g. a pack of wolves Common Noun A noun which only begins with a capital at the start of a sentence Comparative adjective Adjective used in comparing 2 things e.g. Mary is shorter than Ann Concord (verbs) Verb agreeing with the noun e.g. e.g. the children eat their dinner rather than the children eats their dinner Conjunction Word joining two phrases e.g. I was sick but I went to school Contraction Way to shorten a phrase e. g. can’t instead of can not Definite Article The e.g. the boy, the car Direct speech What was actually said e.g. Tom said “I feel sick”. Gender of nouns Masculine (ram) feminine (ewe) common (sheep) neuter (tree) Homophone/Homonym Words which sound alike but mean different things e.g. I combed my hair A hare is like a rabbit. Idiom Common phrase or term e.g. The robber turned over a new leaf Indefinite Article a or an e.g. a girl, an orange Indirect speech Reported speech e.g. Tom said that he felt sick. Metaphor Poetic phrase of comparing things e.g. a white blanket of snow Noun A word naming a person, place, animal or thing e.g. man, cow, pen Participle (verb) A verb needing another verb e.g. Mary has gone to bed Plural noun More than one noun e.g. boys, wolves, babies Prefixes Short phrase before a word e.g. unhappy, disappear Preposition Word showing relation between other words e.g. over, on, with Pronoun Word used instead of a noun e.g. That’s his bed instead of That’s Tom’s bed Proper Noun Noun which always begins with a capital letter e.g. Mary, Dublin, Easter, Friday Proverb Well known wise saying e.g. A stitch in time saves nine Punctuation Correct use of capital letters, commas, question marks etc. Quotation marks Marks( “ “) put around direct speech e.g. Pat said, “I’m really tired” Simile Comparing 2 things using like or as e.g. As cold as ice Singular noun Noun describing one thing e.g. boy, wolf, baby Suffixes Short phrase after a noun e.g. careless, helpful Superlative adjective Adjective used when comparing more than 2 things e.g. Pat was the tallest boy in the class Synonym Words which mean the same e.g. woman/lady, old/ancient Tense (verbs) Verbs in the past ( I said) the present (I say) and the future (I will say)