Download pg224-246 Notes

Pg. 224-246
I.
How is Religion seen in Cultural Landscape?
1.
2.
3.
4.
B.
***SACRED SITES OF JERUSALEM***
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
Pilgrimage – adherents voluntarily traveling to a religious site to pay respects
Sacred sites – places people infuse with religious meaning
a)
Defined out of reverence or fear
b)
Typically features in the physical landscape
c)
As universalizing religions come thru, sacred sites are abandoned
(1)
Ireland w/ Celtic people was usurped by the Catholic Church infusing places with
Christian meaning
d)
In continental Europe, they’re moar urban and are made to give a place a meaning
Bear Butte + Devils Tower
a)
National Park/Monument, so tourist visit it at the same time that Native Americans
have religious ceremonies
Volture Peak @ Rajgir
a)
Sacred to Buddhists b/c that’s where Buddha proclaimed the Heart Sutra
b)
Hindus + Jains proclaim it sacred too b/c Buddha is god/prophet
JEWS
a)
These guys were hipster. They saw it sacred b4 Jesus was born.
b)
Most fled during diaspora, but then in the Zionist movement wanted it back again
c)
Western (Wailing) Wall - @ Temple Mount in Jerusalem
(1)
1/2 great temples for Jews
(2)
Abraham almost sacrificed his son here
(3)
Called Wailing Wall b/c of the mourning of the temple’s destructions made by
Jews + their suffering over time
CHRISTIANS
a)
Sacred cuz Abraham’s sacrifice + Jesus’s crucifixion
(1)
Jesus was buried in a tomb marked with a Basilica by Constantine.
(a)
This is now the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
(b)
Jesus rose from the dead on Easter here
MUSLIMS
a)
Dome of the Rock adjacent to the Western Wall
(1)
Where Muhammad came from Mecca + went to heaven
(2)
Temple Mount is called al-Haram al-Sharif
1095-1199 – Crusades for the Holy Land
a)
First Christians had it, then Muslims took over
b)
Helped cement commitment by Christians to protect Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the
Muslims the Dome of the Rock, and the Jews the Western Wall
Landscapes of Hinduism + Buddhism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hindus think erection of a temple gives merit to builder + will be rewarded
Location of Hindu Shrines
a)
Should not disrupt natural landscape
b)
Comfortable position – under a large, shady tree
c)
Near water b/c gods don’t go far from it and ritual bathing
d)
Small offerings of fruit + flowers
e)
Faces village so people can make offerings
Cultural Landscape of Hinduism = Cultural Landscape of India
Buddha sat under Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya
a)
Has thick trunk + wide canopy of leafy branches
BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
a)
Stupas – bell shaped structures that protect burial mounds
b)
Pagoda – comes from relic mounds of old
Hindus, Buddhists, Shintoists cremate dead
Singapore
a)
D.
Landscapes of Christianity
1.
2.
3.
4.
E.
Medieval Europe – cathedral, church, monastery = focus of life
a)
Because of colonialism, Europeans exported the ornate architecture to wherever they
settled
Many ornate churches are now museums
St. Peter’s sq. in Vatican City has 1000s of pilgrim each week for the service by the pope
Bury don’t cremate
a)
But in N America + W Europe cremation is becoming moar popular
Religious Landscapes in the US
1.
2.
3.
F.
Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Islamic influence
LOCATIONS
a)
New England – Catholic
b)
South – Baptist
c)
Upper Midwest – Lutheran
d)
Southwest – Spanish Catholic
e)
Midland + West – No main church
f)
New Orleans – French Catholic
g)
Miami – Spanish Catholic
Warf + Winsberg <<Religious Diversity – Var. of rel. in small spatial unit>>
a)
Mormon, Catholic + Lutheran some of the most not diverse
CHURCHES
a)
Protestant are white + plain b/c church money is not spent on art + architecture like
Catholic
b)
Catholic churches elaborate + ornate b/c immigrant built them w/ their own money and
skill to bring them back to their country of origin
Landscapes of Islam
Mosque – most maintained building
a)
5 times a day people are called to pray from the minarets
b)
Pray towards Mecca
2.
Roman + Islamic design made unique stuff like Alhambra Palace + Great Mosque of
Cordoba
3.
11th century – builders glaze tiles of domes + roofs
4.
Architecture rep. perfection + vastness of Allah
a)
Architecture is also Islam’s greatest artistic expression
5.
Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially + physically able)
a)
1.3 mil outside Saudi Arabia and 1 mil inside do it every yr
b)
Requires certain order + time frame, so ppl move en masse
(1)
B/c of death, Saudi gov’m now restricts visas
c)
Services for this employs 4x as the oil industry
6.
Ziarats – non-hajj pilgrimages – are becoming moar important
1.
II.
Role of Religion in Political Conflicts ‘n’ Stuff
1.
B.
Conflicts on Religious Borders
1.
2.
C.
Religion often functions as a symbol of wider set of cul + pol differences
Interfaith boundaries – boundaries b/w world’s major faiths
a)
Happens a lot when religious differences = source of social division
(1)
E.g. Africa’s Christian-Muslim countries
Intrafaith boundaries – boundaries w/in single major faith
ISRAEL + PALESTINE
1.
Soam Historia
a)
After WWI, League of Nations gave British control on the land
(1)
Lots of Muslim Palestinians at this point
(2)
However, British wanted to meet Zionist goals + make it a Jewish homeland
(a)
Although British promised safety to other religions, by 1947-48 Jews+
Palestinians went to open warfare
b)
During WWII + Holocaust, moar Jews moved in
c)
2.
D.
After the war, UN made Israel + Palestinian states
(1)
Surrounding Arab states reacted violently w/ wars that Palestinians lost land ‘n’
stuff
(a)
B/c of this Palestinian refugees moved to Arab states
d)
Last 3 decades Israel has influenced moar of Jerusalem in West Bank
(1)
Restricts new building by Palestinians
e)
In 2005, Gaza Strip was given to the Palestinians
(1)
Now economically isolated + living standard lower
f)
Nao, Israel wants to build a security fence around West Bank
B/c of all this, Palestine is still fighting a war w/ Israel w/ terrorism
NIGERIA
1.
2.
area.
Muslim North, Christian South
The farmers + cattle herders want the central region of Nigeria, b/c that the most fertile
a)
3.
E.
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
1.
2.
3.
F.
B/c of this, this is where the most violence b/w Muslims + Christians takes place
(1)
Jos – 1000 ppl killed in the first 6 months of 2011
Religion is the most important obstacle to social cohesion
**BALKAN PENINSULA**
a)
Dividing line b/w Catholic, which is in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox in the East
+ South
b)
West – Roman alphabet, East – Cyrillic alphabet
Soam moar historia
a)
In the 1300s, the Ottoman Empire brought soldiers to the NW + converted some
Serbians to Islam
(1)
After the battle of Kosovo in 1389, there have been pockets of Muslim in the
Middle + South of the peninsula
**YUGOSLAVIA – LAND OF THE SOUTH SLAVS**
a)
Formed after WWI
b)
After 1945, Tito ran Yugoslavia w/ 6 republics
c)
After1980, the country began splitting up
d)
When a Serb nationalist tried to force the republic to stay together, Croats + Serb
began a war
(1)
Bosnia + Herzegovina was caught in the middle
(2)
The Muslims were being ethnic cleansing – the removal of religions from their
lands, and sometimes their slaughter
e)
Finally, Bosnia + Herzegovina split into one republic for Croats + Muslims and the
other for Serbs
(1)
60k NATO peacekeepers keep the line secure
f)
In 2003, Yugoslavia became Montenegro + Serbia on maps
g)
In 1990, Muslims in Kosovo wanted independence, so Serbians began ethnic cleansing
on Kosovo Albanians in 1999
(1)
After bombing, in 2008 Kosovo became a nation.
(a)
Russia + Serbia do not recognize it as an independent state
NORTH IRELAND
1.
2.
Large Catholic + Protestant communities
Evan moar history
a)
1200s – English take control of Ireland’s agriculture economy
b)
By 1700, Britain has the entire island
(1)
Protestants primarily from Scotland migrate to take advantage of the political +
economic power they have
(2)
The native Irish Catholics were treated harshly
c)
In 1800, the Irish brought back Celtic + Irish traditions
d)
In 1900s, they rebelled against the British
(1)
Led to the republic of Ireland
(2)
In 1922 Britain regained countries w/ Protestant majorities
(3)
Catholics began feeling repressed, and the IRA began terrorism against British,
leading to troops in 1968
3.
B/c of conflict, Catholics and Protestants distanced themselves w/ activity space, as shown
by Boal. The groups traveled further and did different things to stay from each other.
a)
In 1990, Boal looked at this again, and found younger + moar educated ppl didn’t care
so much about religion identities and were intermixing
4.
In 1998, the Belfast Agreement was signed for moar peace (hopefully)
a)
However, conflict is not gone. Moar “peace walls” b/w Catholic + Protestant
communities are being constructed
b)
Segregation may be increasing
III.
Religious Fundamentalism + Extremism
1.
Religious fundamentalism – objectives to return to the foundation of the religion + influence
the gov’m w/ it.
a)
Caused by frustration over society, not enough religious authority, economic goals,
loss of local control, etc.
b)
These groups hold their beliefs to be uncompromising
2.
Religious extremism – fundamentalism carried to the point of violence
3.
The forces of globalization affect religions. Some have went with the flow, letting women to
do stuff, allowing birth control. Others have went the other direction, starting fundamentalism +
extremism to block modern influence
B.
Christianity
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
Judaism
1.
2.
3.
D.
Male dominant and few women have entered the hierarchy
a)
Roman Catholic Church – No women priests
Believes in no birth control
a)
In 1994 UN Conference on Population + Development, Catholic Church allied itself
with Islamic countries to protest population control
MEL GIBSON
a)
Part of Holy Family Church
(1)
Does not recognize pope
(2)
Vatican does not recognize this church as part of Catholicism
b)
Part of Traditionalist Catholic Movement
(1)
Mass should be conducted in Latin + popes and clergy are not following theology
Protestant fundamentalists think society needs to follow bible.
a)
Argue for prayer in skool (bitch please), teaching of creationism (yeah no), ban of
abortion, and laws outlawing gay marriage
Orthodox – Most conservative sect
Fundamentalists tend to vote + support conservative politicians in Israel.
Kach and Kahane Chai
a)
Weird ass radical group
b)
Follow Rabbi Meir Kahane
c)
Anti-Arabism teachings
d)
Terrorism against Israel
And of course… how could we ever forget ISLAM
1.
2.
Taliban
a)
Fundamentalist regime that seized Afghanistan during 1990s
(1)
Trying to destroy all statues w/ human form
(2)
Mark Hindus
(3)
No women w/ exposed head
b)
Haven for Jihad – Islamic holy war towards the West esp. US
Wahhabi Islam – the West is evil and is opposing traditional Islamic realms + beliefs.
a)
Developed 18th century in opposition to the Ottoman rulers
(1)
Wanted to return to a form of Islam centuries earlier
b)
Saudi Arabia = hearth of Wahhabi Islam
(1)
Saudis fund it
c)
They have two major goals
(1)
To rid of infidels (American military + business interests in the Arabian
Peninsula)
(2)
To get rid of modern culture + tech and it’s influences on Islam tradition
3.
To avoid division of religious realms, there should be an atmosphere where these kinds of
feeling are not widespread