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Download Psy 402 Exam 3 chapter objectives Chapter 7 Outline Piaget`s
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Psy 402 Exam 3 chapter objectives Chapter 7 Outline Piaget's theory of cognitive development Piaget's stages of cognitive development The sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) is Piaget’s first intellectual stage when infants are relying on behavioral schemes as a means of exploring and understanding the environment. Challenges to Piaget's account of sensorimotor development The preoperational stage (2 to 7 years) and the emergence of symbolic thought. The concrete-operational stage (7 to 11 years) is Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development when children are acquiring cognitive operations and thinking more logically about real objects and experiences. The formal-operational stage (11- to 12- years and beyond) is Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events. Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective The social origins of early cognitive competencies and the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development Apprenticeship in thinking and guided participation Guided Participation Ch 10 Language Five components of language Phonology Morphology Semantics Morphemes Syntax Pragmatics Sociolinguistic knowledge Theories of language development The learning (or empiricist) perspective The nativist perspective The interactionist perspective Chapter 12:Development of the Self and Social Cognition DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF-CONCEPT Self-Differentiation in Infancy Self-Recognition in Infancy Contributors to Self-Recognition Social and Emotional Consequences of Self-Recognition Who Am I? Responses of Preschool Children Conceptions of Self in Middle Childhood and Adolescence Becomes more abstract with age SELF-ESTEEM: THE EVALUATIVE COMPONENT OF SELF Origins and Development of Self-Esteem Components of Self-Esteem Changes in Self-Esteem Importance of Self-Esteem Social Contributors to Self-Esteem Parenting Styles Peer Influences Culture, Ethnicity, and Self-Esteem Dweck’s Learned-Helplessness Theory Learned helplessness orientation: attribute failures to stable and internal factor FORGING AN IDENTITY Identity Identity diffusion: Foreclosure: Moratorium Identity achievement: Developmental Trends in Identity Formation Influences on Identity Formation Cognitive Influences Parenting Influences Scholastic Influences Social-Cultural Influences Chapter 14 The development of aggression Aggression Hostile aggression Instrumental aggression Developmental trends in aggression Sex differences From aggression to antisocial conduct Retaliatory aggression Relational aggression Individual differences in aggressive behavior Proactive aggressors Reactive aggressors Dodge’s social information-processing theory of aggression Perpetrators and victims of peer aggression Popularity and aggression Cultural and subcultural influences on aggression Coercive home environments: Breeding grounds for aggression and delinquency Parental Conflict and Children’s Aggression Emotionally unavailable Coercive home Negative reinforcement Methods of controlling aggression in young children Social-cognitive interventions Altruism Prosocial behavior Origins of altruism Prosocial moral reasoning Empathy Socialization of empathy Age trends in the empathy-altruism relationship Cultural and social influences on altruism Cultural influences Social influences Who raises altruistic children? Moral development: Affective, cognitive, and behavioral components Morality Internalization Piaget's theory of moral development The premoral period Heteronomous morality Autonomous morality – Kohlberg's theory of moral development a. Level 1: Preconventional morality b.Level 2: Conventional morality c. Level 3: Postconventional (or principled) morality Support for Kohlberg's theory Criticisms of Kohlberg’s approach Is Kohlberg's theory culturally biased? Box 14.2 – Appling research to your life: How should I discipline my children? Chapter 15 Contexts of Development Parental socialization during childhood and adolescence Two major dimensions of parenting Four patterns of parenting 1. Authoritarian parenting 2. Authoritative parenting 3. Permissive parenting 4. Uninvolved parenting Box 15.1 – Focus on research: Parenting styles and developmental outcomes Behavioral control versus psychological control Peers as Agents of Socialization Who is a peer and what functions do peers serve? The development of peer sociability Peer sociability in middle childhood and adolescence Peer groups Clique. Crowd Peer acceptance and popularity Peer acceptance – Sociometric techniques Popular children – Rejected children Neglected children Controversial children – Average-status children – Why are children accepted, neglected, or rejected by peers? The effects of television on child development Development of television literacy Television Some potentially undesirable effects of television Effects of television violence Does television violence instigate aggression?
