Download Algebra Main Concepts and Results

Algebra
Main Concepts and Results
• The word ‘variable’ means something that can vary, i.e., change. The value of a variable is
not fixed. We use a variable to represent a number and denote it by any letter such as l, m,
n, p, x, y, z etc.
• A variable allows us to express relation in any practical situation and to express many
common rules and properties of geometry, algebra etc.
• An expression with a variable, constants and the sign of equality (=) is called an equation.
• The value of the variable which satisfies the equation is called a solution of the equation.
Exercise
1) Find the rule which gives the number of matchsticks required to make the following
matchstick patterns. Use a variable to write the rule.
2) We already know the rule for the pattern of letters L, C and F. Some of the letters from
Q.1 (given above) give us the same rule as that given by L. Which are these? Why does
this happen?
3) Cadets are marching in a parade. There are 5 cadets in a row. What is the rule which
gives the number of cadets, given the number of rows? (Use n for the number of rows.)
4) If there are 50 mangoes in a box, how will you write the total number of mangoes in
terms of the number of boxes? (Use b for the number of boxes.)
5) The teacher distributes 5 pencils per student. Can you tell how many pencils are needed,
given the number of students? (Use s for the number of students.)
6) A bird flies 1 kilometer in one minute. Can you express the distance covered by the bird
in terms of its flying time in minutes? (Use t for flying time in minutes.)
7) Radha is drawing a dot Rangoli (a beautiful pattern of lines joining dots) with chalk
powder. She has 9 dots in a row. How many dots will her Rangoli have for r rows? How
many dots are there if there are 8 rows? If there are 10 rows?
8) Leela is Radha's younger sister. Leela is 4 years younger than Radha. Can you write
Leela's age in terms of Radha's age? Take Radha's age to be x years.
9) Mother has made laddus. She gives some laddus to guests and family members; still 5
laddus remain. If the number of laddus mother gave away is l, how many laddus did she
make?
10) Oranges are to be transferred from larger boxes into smaller boxes. When a large box is
emptied, the oranges from it fill two smaller boxes and still 10 oranges remain outside. If
the number of oranges in a small box are taken to be x, what is the number of oranges in
the larger box?
11)
(a) Look at the following matchstick pattern of squares (Fig 1). The squares are not
separate. Two neighbouring squares have a common matchstick. Observe the
patterns and find the rule that gives the number of matchsticks in terms of the
number of squares.
Fig.1
(b) Fig .2 gives a matchstick pattern of triangles. As in Exercise 11 (a) above, find the
general rule that gives the number of matchsticks in terms of the number of
triangles.
Fig.2
12) The side of an equilateral triangle is shown by l. Express the perimeter of the equilateral
triangle using l.
13) The side of a regular hexagon (Fig 3) is denoted by l. Express the perimeter of the
hexagon using l.
Fig.3
14) A cube is a three-dimensional figure as shown in Fig 4. It has six faces and all of them are
identical squares. The length of an edge of the cube is given by l. Find the formula for
the total length of the edges of a cube.
Fig.4
15) The diameter of a circle is a line which joins two points on the circle and also passes
through the centre of the circle. (In the adjoining figure (Fig 5) AB is a diameter of the
circle; C is its centre.) Express the diameter of the circle (d) in terms of its radius (r).
Fig.5
16) To find sum of three numbers 14, 27 and 13, we can have two ways:
(a) We may first add 14 and 27 to get 41 and then add 13 to it to get the total sum 54 or
(b) We may add 27 and 13 to get 40 and then add 14 to get the sum 54. Thus, (14 + 27) +
13 = 14 + (27 + 13)
17) Make up as many expressions with numbers (no variables) as you can from three
numbers 5, 7 and 8. Every number should be used not more than once. Use only
addition, subtraction and multiplication.
18) Which out of the following are expressions with numbers only?
(a) y + 3
(b) (7 × 20) – 8z
(c) 5 (21 – 7) + 7 × 2
(d) 5
(e) 3x
(f) 5 – 5n
(g) (7 × 20) – (5 × 10) – 45 + p
19) Identify the operations (addition, subtraction, division, multiplication) in forming the
following expressions and tell how the expressions have been formed.
(a) z +1, z – 1, y + 17, y – 17
(b) 17y, y/17 , 5 z
(c) 2y + 17, 2 y – 17
(d) 7 m, – 7 m + 3, – 7 m – 3
20) Give expressions for the following cases.
(a) 7 added to p
(b) 7 subtracted from p
(c) p multiplied by 7
(d) p divided by 7
(e) 7 subtracted from – m
(f) – p multiplied by 5
(g) – p divided by 5
(h) p multiplied by – 5
21) Give expressions in the following cases.
(a) 11 added to 2m
(b) 11 subtracted from 2m
(c) 5 times y to which 3 is added
(d) 5 times y from which 3 is subtracted
(e) y is multiplied by – 8
(f) y is multiplied by – 8 and then 5 is added to the result
(g) y is multiplied by 5 and the result is subtracted from 16
(h) y is multiplied by – 5 and the result is added to 16.
22) (a) Form expressions using t and 4. Use not more than one number operation. Every
expression must have t in it.
(b) Form expressions using y, 2 and 7. Every expression must have y in it. Use only two
number operations. These should be different.
23) Answer the following:
(a) Take Sarita’s present age to be y years
(i) What will be her age 5 years from now?
(ii) What was her age 3 years back?
(iii) Sarita’s grandfather is 6 times her age. What is the age of her grandfather?
(iv)Grandmother is 2 years younger than grandfather. What is grandmother's
age?
(v) Sarita’s father’s age is 5 years more than 3 times Sarita’s age. What is her
father's age?
(b) The length of a rectangular hall is 4 meters less than 3 times the breadth of the hall.
What is the length, if the breadth is b meters?
(c) A rectangular box has height h cm. Its length is 5 times the height and breadth is 10
cm less than the length. Express the length and the breadth of the box in terms of
the height.
(d) Meena, Beena and Leena are climbing the steps to the hill top. Meena is at step s,
Beena is 8 steps ahead and Leena 7 steps behind. Where are Beena and Meena?
The total number of steps to the hill top is 10 less than 4 times what Meena has
reached. Express the total number of steps using s.
(e) A bus travels at v km per hour. It is going from Daspur to Beespur. After the bus has
travelled 5 hours, Beespur is still 20 km away. What is the distance from Daspur to
Beespur? Express it using v.
24) Change the following statements using expressions into statements in ordinary
language. (For example, Given Salim scores r runs in a cricket match, Nalin scores (r + 15)
runs. In ordinary language – Nalin scores 15 runs more than Salim.)
(a) A notebook costs ` p. A book costs ` 3 p.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Tony puts q marbles on the table. He has 8 q marbles in his box.
Our class has n students. The school has 20 n students.
Jaggu is z years old. His uncle is 4 z years old and his aunt is (4z – 3) years old.
In an arrangement of dots there are r rows. Each row contains 5 dots.
25)
(a) Given Munnu’s age to be x years, can you guess what (x – 2) may show? (Hint :
Think of Munnu’s younger brother.) Can you guess what (x + 4) may show? What (3
x + 7) may show?
(b) Given Sara’s age today to be y years. Think of her age in the future or in the past.
What will the following expression indicate? y + 7, y – 3, y +4 1 2 , y – 2 1 2 .
(c) Given n students in the class like football, what may 2n show? What may n/2 show?
26) State which of the following are equations (with a variable). Give reason for your
answer. Identify the variable from the equations with a variable.
(a) 17 = x + 7
(b) (t – 7) > 5
(c) 4/2 = 2
(d) (7 × 3) – 19 = 8
(e) 5 × 4 – 8 = 2 x
(f ) x – 2 = 0
(g) 2m < 30
(h) 2n + 1 = 11
(i) 7 = (11 × 5) – (12 × 4)
(j) 7 = (11 × 2) + p
(k) 20 = 5y (l) z + 12 > 24
(m) 20 – (10 – 5) = 3 × 5
(n) 7 – x = 5
27) Complete the entries in the third column of the table
28) Pick out the solution from the values given in the bracket next to each equation. Show
that the other values do not satisfy the equation.
(a) 5m = 60
(10, 5, 12, 15)
(b) n + 12 = 20
(12, 8, 20, 0)
(c) p – 5 = 5
(0, 10, 5 – 5)
(d)q/2 = 7
(7, 2, 10, 14)
(e) r – 4 = 0
(4, – 4, 8, 0)
(f) x + 4 = 2
(– 2, 0, 2, 4)
29)
(a) Complete the table and by inspection of the table find the solution to the equation
m + 10 = 16.
(b) Complete the table and by inspection of the table, find the solution to the equation
5t = 35.
(c) Complete the table and find the solution of the equation z/3 =4 using the table.
(d) Complete the table and find the solution to the equation m – 7 = 3.
30) Solve the following riddles; you may yourself construct such riddles.
(i) Go round a square
Counting every corner
Thrice and no more!
Add the count to me
To get exactly thirty four!
(j) For each day of the week
Make an up count from m
If you make no mistake
You will get twenty three!
(k) I am a special number
Take away from me a six!
A whole cricket team
You will still be able to fix!
(l) Tell me who I am
I shall give a pretty clue!
You will get me back
If you take me out of twenty two
31) Translate each of the following statements into an equation, using x as the variable:
(a) 13 subtracted from twice a number gives 3.
(b) One fifth of a number is 5 less than that number.
(c) Two-third of number is 12.
(d) 9 added to twice a number gives 13.
(e) 1 subtracted from one-third of a number gives 1.
32) Translate each of the following statements into an equation:
(a) The perimeter (p) of an equilateral triangle is three times of its side (a ).
(b) The diameter (d) of a circle is twice its radius (r ).
(c) The selling price (s ) of an item is equal to the sum of the cost price (c) of an item
and the profit (p) earned.
(d) Amount (a) is equal to the sum of principal (p) and interest (i).
33) Let Kanika’s present age be x years. Complete the following table, showing ages of her
relatives:
34) If m is a whole number less than 5, complete the table and by inspection of the table,
find the solution of the equation 2m – 5 = – 1 :
35) A class with p students has planned a picnic. Rs 50 per student is collected, out of
whichRs 1800 is paid in advance for transport. How much money is left with them to
spend on other items?
36) In a village, there are 8 water tanks to collect rain water. On a particular day, x litres of
rain water is collected per tank. If 100 litres of water was already there in one of the
tanks, what is the total amount of water in the tanks on that day?
37) What is the area of a square whose side is m cm?
38) Perimeter of a triangle is found by using the formula P = a + b + c , where a , b and c are
the sides of the triangle. Write the rule that is expressed by this formula in words.
39) Perimeter of a rectangle is found by using the formula P = 2 ( l + w ), where l and w are
respectively the length and breadth of the rectangle. Write the rule that is expressed by
this formula in words.
40) On my last birthday, I weighed 40kg. If I put on m kg of weight after a year, what is my
present weight?
41) Length and breadth of a bulletin board are r cm and t cm, respectively.
(i) What will be the length (in cm) of the aluminium strip required to frame the board, if
10cm extra strip is required to fix it properly.
(ii) If x nails are used to repair one board, how many nails will be required to repair 15
such boards?
(iii) If 500sqcm extra cloth per board is required to cover the edges, what will be the
total area of the cloth required to cover 8 such boards?
(iv) What will be the expenditure for making 23 boards, if the carpenter charges Rs x per
board.
42) Sunita is half the age of her mother Geeta. Find their ages
(i) After 4 years?
(ii) Before 3 years?
43) Match the items of Column I with that of Column II:
Column I
Column II
(i) The number of corners of a quadrilateral
(A) =
(ii) The variable in the equation 2p + 3 = 5
(B) constant
(iii) The solution of the equation x + 2 = 3
(C) +1
(iv) Solution of the equation 2p + 3 = 5
(D) –1
(v) A sign used in an equation
(E) p
(F) x
Give an expression for each of the examples 1 to 3:
1) 13 subtracted from thrice of a number.
2) Megha’s age (in years) is 2 more than 5 times her daughter’s age.
3) Anagha, Sushant and Faizal are climbing the steps to a hill top. Anagha is at the step p.
Sushant is 10 steps ahead and Faizal is 6 steps behind Anagha. Where are Sushant and
Faizal? The total number of steps to the hill top is 3 steps less than 8 times what Anagha
has reached. Express the total number of steps using p.
In questions 1 to 19, choose a letter x , y, z , p etc...., wherever necessary, for
the unknown (variable) and write the corresponding expressions:
1) One more than twice the number.
2) 20°C less than the present temperature.
3) The successor of an integer.
4) The perimeter of an equilateral triangle, if side of the triangle is m.
5) Area of the rectangle with length k units and breadth n units.
6) Omar helps his mother 1 hour more than his sister does.
7) Two consecutive odd integers.
8) Two consecutive even integers.
9) Multiple of 5.
10) The denominator of a fraction is 1 more than its numerator.
11) The height of Mount Everest is 20 times the height of Empire State building.
12) If a note book costs Rs p and a pencil costs Rs 3, then the total cost (in Rs) of two
note books and one pencil.
13) z is multiplied by –3 and the result is subtracted from 13.
14) p is divided by 11 and the result is added to 10.
15) x times of 3 is added to the smallest natural number.
16) 6 times q is subtracted from the smallest two digit number.
17) Write two equations for which 2 are the solution.
18) Write an equation for which 0 is a solution.
19) Write an equation whose solution is not a whole number.
In questions 75 to 84, change the statements, converting expressions into
statements in ordinary language:
1) A pencil costs Rs p and a pen costs Rs 5p.
2) Leela contributed Rs y towards the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund. Leela is now left
with Rs (y + 10000).
3) Kartik is n years old. His father is 7n years old.
4) The maximum temperature on a day in Delhi was p°C. The minimum temperature
was (p – 10) °C.
5) John planted t plants last year. His friend Jay planted 2t + 10 plants that year.
6) Sharad used to take p cups tea a day. After having some health problem, he takes p –
5 cups of tea a day.
7) The number of students dropping out of school last year was m . Number of students
dropping out of school this year is m – 30.
8) Price of petrol was Rs p per litre last month. Price of petrol now is Rs (p – 5) per litre.
9) Khader’s monthly salary was Rs P in the year 2005. His salary in 2006 was Rs (P +
1000).
10) The number of girls enrolled in a school last year was g. The number of girls enrolled
this year in the school is 3g – 10.
Multiple choice questions
1) 4 a equals
(A) 4 + a
(C) a × a × a × a
(B) 4 × a
(D) 4 ÷ a
2) 8 more than three times the number x can be represented as
(A) 8 + x + 3
(B) 3 x – 8
(C) 3 x + 8
(D) 8 x + 3
3) Which of the following is an equation?
(A) x + 7
(B) 2 y +3 = 7
(C) 2 p < 10
(D) 12x
4) If each match box contains 50 matchsticks, the number of matchsticks required to
fill n such boxes is
(A) 50 + n
(B) 50n
(C) 50÷ n
5) Amulya is x years of age now. 5 years ago her age was
(A) (5 – x ) years
(B) (5 + x ) years
(C) (x – 5) years
(D) 50 – n
(D) (5 ÷x) years
6) Which of the following represents 6 x
(A) 6 x
(B) x/6
(C) 6 + x
(D) 6 – x
7) Which of the following is an equation?
(A) x + 1
(B) x – 1
(C) x – 1 = 0
(D) x + 1 > 0
8) If x takes the value 2, then the value of x + 10 is
(A) 20
(B) 12
(C) 5
(D) 8
9) If the perimeter of a regular hexagon is x metres, then the length of each of its sides
is
(A) ( x + 6) metres (B) ( x ÷ 6) metres (C) ( x – 6) metres (D) (6 ÷ x) metres
10) Which of the following equations has x = 2 as a solution?
(A) x + 2 = 5
(B) x – 2 = 0
(C) 2 x + 1 = 0
(D) x + 3 = 6
11) For any two integers x and y, which of the following suggests that operation of
addition is commutative?
(A) x + y = y + x
(B) x + y > x
(C) x – y = y – x
(D) xy = y x
12) Which of the following equations does not have a solution in integers?
(A) x + 1 = 1
(B) x – 1 = 3
(C) 2 x + 1 = 6
(D) 1 – x = 5
13) In algebra, a × b means ab, but in arithmetic 3 × 5 is
(A) 35
(B) 53
(C) 15
(D) 8
14) In algebra, letters may stand for
(A) known quantities
(B) unknown quantities
(C) Fixed numbers
15) “Variable” means that it
(A) can take different values
(B) has a fixed value
(C) can take only 2 values
(D) can take only three values
16) 10 – x means
(A) 10 is subtracted x times
(B) x is subtracted 10 times
(C) x is subtracted from 10
(D) 10 is subtracted from x
(D) none of these
17) Savitri has a sum of Rs x. She spent Rs 1000 on grocery, Rs 500 on clothes and Rs 400
on education, and received Rs 200 as a gift. How much money (in Rs) is left with her?
(A) x – 1700
(B) x – 1900
(C) x + 200
(D) x – 2100
18) The area of a square having each side x is
(A) x × x
(B) 4 x
(C) x + x
(D) 4 + x
19) The expression obtained when x is multiplied by 2 and then subtracted from 3 is
(A) 2 x – 3
(B) 2 x + 3
(C) 3 – 2x
(D) 3 x – 2
20) x – 4 = – 2 has a solution
(A) 6
(B) 2
(C) – 6
(D) – 2
21) Kanta has p pencils in her box. She puts q more pencils in the box. The total number
of pencils with her are
(A) p + q
(B) pq
(C) p – q
(D) p/q
22) The equation 4x = 16 is satisfied by the following value of x
(A) 4
(B) 2
(C) 12
(D) –12
23) I think of a number and on adding 13 to it, I get 27. The equation for this is
(A) x – 27 = 13
(B) x – 13 = 27
(C)x + 27 = 13
(D) x + 13 = 27
In question 1 to 17, fill in the blanks to make the statements true:
1) The distance (in km) travelled in h hours at a constant speed of 40km per hour is
__________.
2) p kg of potatoes are bought for Rs 70. Cost of 1kg of potatoes (in Rs) is __________.
3) An auto rickshaw charges Rs 10 for the first kilometre then Rs 8 for each such
subsequent kilometre. The total charge (in Rs) for d kilometres is __________.
4) If 7x + 4 = 25, then the value of x is __________.
5) The solution of the equation 3x + 7 = –20 is __________.
6) x exceeds y by 7’ can be expressed as __________.
7) 8 more than three times the number x’ can be written as __________.
8) Number of pencils bought for Rs x at the rate of Rs 2 per pencil is __________.
9) The number of days in w weeks is __________.
10) Annual salary at r rupees per month alongwith a festival bonus of Rs 2000 is
__________.
11) The two digit number whose ten’s digit is‘t’ and units’s digit is ‘u’ is __________.
12) The variable used in the equation 2p + 8 = 18 is __________.
13) x metres = __________ centimetres.
14) p litres = __________ millilitres.
15) r rupees = __________ paise.
16) If the present age of Ramandeep is n years, then her age after 7 years will be
__________.
17) If I spend f rupees from 100 rupees, the money left with me is __________ rupees.
In question 1 to 15, state whether the statements are true or false.
1) 0 is a solution of the equation x + 1 = 0
2) The equations x + 1 = 0 and 2x + 2 = 0 have the same solution.
3) If m is a whole number, then 2m denotes a multiple of 2.
4) The additive inverse of an integer x is 2x .
5) If x is a negative integer, – x is a positive integer.
6) 2 x – 5 > 11 is an equation.
7) In an equation, the LHS is equal to the RHS.
8) In the equation 7k – 7 = 7, the variable is 7.
9) a = 3 is a solution of the equation 2a – 1 = 5
10) The distance between New Delhi and Bhopal is not a variable.
11) t minutes are equal to 60t seconds.
12) x = 5 is the solution of the equation 3x + 2 = 20
13) ‘One third of a number added to itself gives 8’, can be expressed as
14) The difference between the ages of two sisters Leela and Yamini is a variable.
15) The number of lines that can be drawn through a point is a variable.